影响总氮空白测定因素的实验探讨

水质中总氮的测定采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法(HJ 636-2012),对本方法中影响总氮测定的各种因素进行了实验探索和结果分析.在实验探索中,主要是从实验用水、实验试剂、实验器皿(主要是比色管)等方面研究总氮测定过程中对空白的影响.实验结果分析表明:实验用水只要是新鲜制备的去离子水,分别通过两台纯水机的水都能满足空白值要求.过硫酸钾和氢氧化钠的纯度、碱性过硫酸钾溶液和1+9盐酸溶液的存放时间、比色管的洁净程度等均会影响总氮的空白值.结合综上所述方案,可以得到最优化的总氮空白值为0.010的吸光度.     

Dual-functional sites for synergistic adsorption of Cr(VI) and Sb(V) by polyaniline-TiO2 hydrate: Adsorption behaviors,sites and mechanisms

• PANI/Ti(OH)_n^(4–n)+ exhibited excellent adsorption capacity and reusability. • Adsorption sites of Cr(VI) were hydroxyl, amino/imino group and benzene rings. • Sb(V) was adsorbed mainly through hydrogen bonds and Ti-O-Sb. • The formation of Cr-O-Sb in dual system demonstrated the synergistic adsorption. • PANI/TiO₂ was a potential widely-applied adsorbent and worth further exploring. Removal of chromium (Cr) and antimony (Sb) from aquatic environments is crucial due to their bioaccumulation, high mobility and strong toxicity. In this work, a composite adsorbent consisting of Ti(OH)_n^(4–n)+ and polyaniline (PANI) was designed and successfully synthesized by a simple and eco-friendly method for the uptake of Cr(VI) and Sb(V). The synthetic PANI/TiO₂ composites exhibited excellent adsorption capacities for Cr(VI) and Sb(V) (394.43 mg/g for Cr(VI) and 48.54 mg/g for Sb(V)), wide pH applicability and remarkable reusability. The adsorption of Cr(VI) oxyanions mainly involved electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding and anion-π interactions. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and FT-IR analysis, the adsorption sites were shown to be hydroxyl groups, amino/imino groups and benzene rings. Sb(V) was adsorbed mainly through hydrogen bonds and surface complexation to form Ti-O-Sb complexes. The formation of Cr-O-Sb in the dual system demonstrated the synergistic adsorption of Cr(VI) and Sb(V). More importantly, because of the different adsorption sites, the adsorption of Cr(VI) and Sb(V) occurred independently and was enhanced to some extent in the dual system. The results suggested that PANI/TiO₂ is a promising prospect for practical wastewater treatment in the removal of Cr(VI) and Sb(V) from wastewater owing to its availability, wide applicability and great reusability.     

海上石油平台工艺区风环境模拟及韧性评估*

为研究不同风向下海上石油平台工艺区的风场特征和系统韧性,采用Fluent软件从8种不同风向角度对海上平台工艺区风环境进行三维数值模拟,分析研究高于工艺区地面1.5,3,4.5 m水平风场风速分布特征,确定微静风区和强风速区面积,并以微静风区域占比为指标评估系统抗灾韧性。研究结果表明:风速激增区出现在障碍物前缘或侧翼;风口顺延形成强风道,风速介于1.6～3.1 m/s之间;系统韧性与微静风区占比呈现负相关,在1.5 m高度风场处,E-90°风向时微静风区域面积占比约为69%,工艺系统韧性较弱,风险较大;NW-315°风向时微静风区域面积占比约为9.6%,工艺系统韧性较强,风险较小;随着风场高度增大,各个风向系统韧性均有所提高,W-270°风向时系统韧性升幅达12.1%,N-0°风向时系统韧性升幅达12.24%。研究结果可为海上石油平台逃生路线设计、火气监控设备布置及提高平台自身抗灾韧性方面提供指导依据。     

受限空间燃料电池车辆氢气泄漏与燃爆研究现状

燃料电池车辆高效环保,但其高压储氢罐会带来泄漏及燃爆风险。车库、隧道等受限空间是实际运行中常见场景,受限空间将改变燃料电池车辆氢气泄漏后扩散积聚、射流燃烧与气云爆炸的演化特性。针对这一现状,总结了国内外研究人员对受限空间燃料电池车辆氢泄漏、射流燃烧与气云爆炸的研究;分析了国内外现有标准与指南,归纳出受限空间内燃料电池车辆的安全措施,为燃料电池车辆安全运行与风险评估提供技术支持。     

雄安新区土壤重金属污染特征及健康风险

为了解雄安新区表层土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险状况,系统采集和分析测试区内土壤样品600件,采用富集因子、地累积指数、综合污染指数、潜在生态危害指数和健康风险评估模型,对土壤重金属污染程度、潜在生态风险和健康风险进行评估.结果表明,各项重金属富集因子(EF)均值小于2,从高至低顺序为Hg>Cd>Cu>Pb>Ni>Z...     

类芬顿调理污泥用于微生物电解池产氢与磷回收的研究

为提高微生物电解池(MEC)利用剩余污泥产氢气和磷回收的效率,采用Fe~(3+)、原儿茶酸(PCA)和H_2O_2体系预调理污泥,探究中性PCA/Fe~(3+)/H_2O_2体系的试剂投加量对污泥液相总磷含量和溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)的影响.在单因素试验的基础上,通过表面响应法(RSM)优化得到Fe~(3+)和H_2O_2投加量分别为12.96 mmol·L~(-1)和0.45 mol·L~(-1),液相总磷含量和SCOD含量实际值分别为(60.14±0.08) mg·L~(-1)和(3357.67±66.37) mg·L~(-1),模拟效果显著.与未处理的剩余污泥MEC反应器出水相比,经过调理后的剩余污泥MEC反应器出水中的总化学需氧量(TCOD)、多糖和蛋白质的去除率分别提高了30.03%、50.16%和97.31%,氢气转化率提升了1.31倍,有效提升了MEC产氢效率.通过鸟粪石结晶回收MEC污泥上清液中的磷,发现在初始pH值为10、Mg~(2+)浓度为0.056 mol·L~(-1)和NH~+_4浓度为0.08 mol·L~(-1)时效果最佳.鸟粪石晶体质量浓度最高可达7.6 g·L~(-1),晶体纯度最大为88.30%,上清液中77.55%的磷以鸟粪石的形式得到回收.在本研究最优化条件下进行中性PCA/Fe~(3+)/H_2O_2体系调理剩余污泥微生物电解池产氢与磷回收全过程中产出经济价值达到2.36元.实验研究最终表明,经过Fe~(3+)/PCA/H_2O_2体系调理污泥可促进污泥中磷的释放和MEC处理污泥的产氢效率,为探究污泥资源化提供了新的研究思路.     

持久性有机污染物(POPs)研究进展

对持久性有机污染物的定义、特点、种类和危害进行了介绍,分析了这些物质在全球自然界中存在的量和来源,阐述了POPs在区域或全球的迁移、循环模式以及POPs的预测模型,提出了对目前和将来POPs控制的研究对策和一些意见。     

城市绿地系统植物生态功能评价及其应用——以苏州市为例

城市绿地植物作为城市生态系统的重要组成,在改善城市生存环境和维持生态平衡方面发挥着重要作用,在城市生态系统中具有其他子系统不可替代的特殊生态功能。文章以苏州市为例,采取分层随机抽样调查的方法选取了道路、公园、居住小区共计30个具有代表性的样本区进行调查,并结合苏州市实际情况,筛选出吸硫能力、滞尘能力、抗污能力、增湿能力、环境卫生等9个评价指标,运用综合指数评价法对30个样本区中40种常见植物进行评价。结果表明苏州市绿地系统植物生长现状及其总体生态功能较好,绿化植物综合评价指数达到中等以上水平的占80％,其中乔木占所调查乔木总数的100％。文章最后对苏州市绿地系统结构优化及植物物种配置等方面提出了建议。     

Pollution levels, composition characteristics and sources of atmospheric PM2.5 in a rural area of the North China Plain during winter

The pollution levels, composition characteristics and sources of atmospheric PM_2.5 were investigated based on field measurement at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) from pre-heating period to heating period in winter of 2017. The hourly average concentrations of PM_2.5 frequently exceeded 150 µg/m³ and even achieved 400 µg/m³, indicating that the PM_2.5 pollution was still very serious despite the implementation of stricter control measures in the rural area. Compared with the pre-heating period, the mean concentrations of organic carbon (OC), element carbon (EC) and chlorine ion (Cl^?) during the heating period increased by 20.8%, 36.6% and 38.8%, accompanying with increments of their proportions in PM_2.5 from 37.5%, 9.8% and 5.5% to 42.9%, 12.7% and 7.2%, respectively. The significant increase of both their concentrations and proportions during the heating period was mainly ascribed to the residential coal combustion. The proportions of sulfate, nitrate and ammonium respectively increased from 9.9%, 10.9% and 9.0% in nighttime to 13.8%, 16.2% and 11.1% in daytime, implying that the daytime photochemical reactions made remarkable contributions to the secondary inorganic aerosols. The simulation results from WRF-Chem revealed that the emission of residential coal combustion in the rural area was underestimated by the current emission inventory. Six sources identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) based on the measurement were residential coal combustion, secondary formation of inorganic aerosols, biomass burning, vehicle emission and raising dust, contributing to atmospheric PM_2.5 of 40.5%, 21.2%, 16.4%, 10.8%, 8.6% and 2.5%, respectively.     

山东省主要城市酸沉降现状及影响因素分析

根据山东省多年降水观测资料,分析了其17个设区城市的酸雨现状,并研究了济南市和青岛市硫的干、湿沉降及其变化规律.结果表明,近5a(1997～2001年)青岛市降水酸度位列全省17城市之首,是唯一降水pH年均值低于酸雨临界值5.60的城市;山东省主要城市的降水酸度总体上呈下降趋势.济南市和青岛市近年来硫沉降总通量基本稳定或呈下降趋势,仍达10t/(km²·a)左右;在硫沉降总通量中,硫干沉降的贡献率达80%以上,而在硫干沉降通量中,SO₂干沉降的贡献率要远远高于SO₄^2-干沉降的贡献率.通过分析酸雨前体物排放强度、土壤酸碱性以及气象条件对酸沉降的影响,揭示了山东省内主要城市酸沉降的影响因子.