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531.
Near-road multipollutant profiles: associations between volatile organic compounds and a tracer gas surrogate near a busy highway 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Barzyk TM Ciesielski A Shores RC Thoma ED Seila RL Isakov V Baldauf RW 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2012,62(5):594-603
This research characterizes associations between multiple pollutants in the near-road environment attributed to a roadway line source. It also examines the use of a tracer gas as a surrogate of mobile source pollutants. Air samples were collected in summa canisters along a 300 m transect normal to a highway in Raleigh, North Carolina for five sampling periods spanning four days. Samples were subsequently measured for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using an electron capture gas chromatograph. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was released from a finite line source adjacent to the roadway for two of the sampling periods, collected in the canisters and measured with the VOCs. Associations between each VOC, and between VOCs and the tracer, were quantified with Pearson correlation coefficients to assess the consistency of the multi-pollutant dispersion profiles, and assess the tracer as a potential surrogate for mobile source pollutants. As expected, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m,p- and o-xylenes (collectively, BTEX) show strong correlations between each other; further BTEX shows a strong correlation to SF6. Between 26 VOCs, correlation coefficients were greater than 0.8, and 14 VOCs had coefficients greater than 0.6 with the tracer gas. Even under non-downwind conditions, chemical concentrations had significant correlations with distance. Results indicate that certain VOCs are representative of a larger multi-pollutant mixture, and many VOCs are well-correlated with the tracer gas. 相似文献
532.
Environmental governance and management are facing a multiplicity of challenges related to spatial scales and multiple levels
of governance. Water management is a field particularly sensitive to issues of scale because the hydrological system with
its different scalar levels from small catchments to large river basins plays such a prominent role. It thus exemplifies fundamental
issues and dilemmas of scale in modern environmental management and governance. In this introductory article to an Environmental Management special feature on “Multilevel Water Governance: Coping with Problems of Scale,” we delineate our understanding of problems
of scale and the dimensions of scalar politics that are central to water resource management. We provide an overview of the
contributions to this special feature, concluding with a discussion of how scalar research can usefully challenge conventional
wisdom on water resource management. We hope that this discussion of water governance stimulates a broader debate and inquiry
relating to the scalar dimensions of environmental governance and management in general. 相似文献
533.
Katrina Mullan Andreas Kontoleon Timothy M. Swanson Shiqiu Zhang 《Environmental management》2010,45(3):513-525
In this study, we estimated the impact on local household livelihoods of the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP), which
is the largest logging-ban program in the world, which aims to protect watersheds and conserve natural forests. In doing so,
we used a series of microeconometric policy-evaluation techniques to assess the impacts of the NFPP on two interrelated facets
of household livelihoods: income and off-farm labor supply. We found that the NFPP has had a negative impact on incomes from
timber harvesting but has actually had a positive impact on total household incomes from all sources. Furthermore, we found
that off-farm labor supply outside the village has increased more rapidly in NFPP than in non-NFPP areas. Based on these results,
policy implications for household livelihoods were drawn and are presented herein. 相似文献
534.
Michael P. Labare J. Timothy Bays Michael A. Butkus Teresa Snyder-Leiby Alicia Smith Amanda Goldstein Jenna D. Schwartz Kristopher C. Wilson Melody R. Ginter Elizabeth A. Bare Robert E. Watts Elizabeth Michealson Nicole Miller Rachel LaBranche 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(4):1009-1015
Introduction
The effect of oceanic CO2 sequestration was examined exposing a deep-sea bacterium identified as Vibrio alginolyticus (9NA) to elevated levels of carbon dioxide and monitoring its growth at 2,750 psi (1,846 m depth).Findings
The wild-type strain of 9NA could not grow in acidified marine broth below a pH of 5. The pH of marine broth did not drop below this level until at least 20.8 mM of CO2 was injected into the medium. 9NA did not grow at this CO2 concentration or higher concentrations (31.2 and 41.6 mM) for at least 72 h. Carbon dioxide at 10.4 mM also inhibited growth, but the bacterium was able to recover and grow. Exposure to CO2 caused the cell to undergo a morphological change and form a dimple-like structure. The membrane was also damaged but with no protein leakage. 相似文献535.
Li Qi Shunsuke Nakao Quentin Malloy Bethany Warren David R. Cocker 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(25):2990-2996
This work investigates the oxidative aging process of SOA derived from select aromatic (m-xylene) and biogenic (α-pinene) precursors within an environmental chamber. Simultaneous measurements of SOA hygroscopicity, volatility, particle density, and elemental chemical composition (C:O:H) reveal only slight particle aging for up to the first 16 h of formation. The chemical aging observed is consistent with SOA that is decreasing in volatility and increasing in O/C and hydrophilicity. Even after aging, the O/C (0.25 and 0.40 for α-pinene and m-xylene oxidation, respectively) was below the OOAI and OOAII ambient fractions measured by high-resolution aerosol mass spectra coupled with Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). The rate of increase in O/C does not appear to be sufficient to achieve OOAI or OOAII levels of oxygenation within regular chamber experiment duration. No chemical aging was observed for SOA during dark α-pinene ozonolysis with a hydroxyl radical scavenger present. This finding is consistent with observations by other groups that SOA from this system is comprised of first generation products. 相似文献
536.
Marisa Casale Scott Drimie Timothy Quinlan Gina Ziervogel 《Regional Environmental Change》2010,10(2):157-168
Within southern Africa, many households are facing increasing pressures as they deal with multiple challenges such as low
employment, high levels of disease, environmental resources under pressure and changing political landscapes. To respond to
the needs of different individuals and households, it is important to define the nature of their vulnerability. An increasing
amount of theoretical and empirical work on the concept of ‘vulnerability’ has led to a range of definitions, indicators and
measurement tools, which have come to characterise this field of study. As a result, there is no one general consensus. This
paper presents the results from the latest in a series of applied studies conducted since 2004 by a network of scientists
working in southern Africa, aimed at refining the definition and application of the concept of vulnerability. The study employed
a recently developed multiple-stressor model to guide the collection and analysis of data from three sites in South Africa
and Malawi. In this paper, we identify and explore five key ‘symptoms’ of vulnerability emerging from our multi-country data
and reflect on the usefulness of the model employed. 相似文献
537.
Estimation of regional building-related C&D debris generation and composition: case study for Florida, US 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Methodology for the accounting, generation, and composition of building-related construction and demolition (C&D) at a regional level was explored. Six specific categories of debris were examined: residential construction, nonresidential construction, residential demolition, nonresidential demolition, residential renovation, and nonresidential renovation. Debris produced from each activity was calculated as the product of the total area of activity and waste generated per unit area of activity. Similarly, composition was estimated as the product of the total area of activity and the amount of each waste component generated per unit area. The area of activity was calculated using statistical data, and individual site studies were used to assess the average amount of waste generated per unit area. The application of the methodology was illustrated using Florida, US approximately 3,750,000 metric tons of building-related C&D debris were estimated as generated in Florida in 2000. Of that amount, concrete represented 56%, wood 13%, drywall 11%, miscellaneous debris 8%, asphalt roofing materials 7%, metal 3%, cardboard 1%, and plastic 1%. This model differs from others because it accommodates regional construction styles and available data. The resulting generation amount per capita is less than the US estimate - attributable to the high construction, low demolition activity seen in Florida. 相似文献
538.
Colloid-facilitated transport has been recognized as a potentially important and overlooked contaminant transport process. In particular, it has been observed that conventional two phase sorption models are often unable to explain transport of highly sorbing compounds in the subsurface appropriately in the presence of colloids. In this study a one-dimensional model for colloid-facilitated transport of chemicals in unsaturated porous media is developed. The model has parts for simulating coupled flow, and colloid transport and dissolved and colloidal contaminant transport. Richards' equation is solved to model unsaturated flow, and the effect of colloid entrapment and release on porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the porous media is incorporated into the model. Both random sequential adsorption and Langmuir approaches have been implemented in the model in order to incorporate the effect of surface jamming. The concept of entrapment of colloids into the air-water interface is used for taking into account the effect of retardation caused due to existence of the air phase. A non-equilibrium sorption approach with options of linear and Langmuir sorption assumptions are implemented that can represent the competition and site saturation effects on sorption of multiple compounds both to the solid matrix and to the colloidal particles. Several demonstration calculations are performed and the conditions in which the non-equilibrium model can be approximated by an equilibrium model are also studied. 相似文献
539.
Timothy J. Foxon Matthew Leach David Butler Joanna Dawes David Hutchinson Peter Pearson David Rose 《Local Environment》1999,4(2):137-149
This paper considers methodological questions concerning indicators of sustainability, which have arisen in the course of an EPSRC-supported project investigating a systems approach to assessing the sustainability of cities. The project aimed: (a) to develop a methodology, the Reference Sustainability System (RSS), for representing the energy, resource and material flows, on which the environmental sustainability of cities depends; (b) to show how this methodology could contribute to a more systematic assessment of the potential of technological and resource management strategies to enhance urban sustainability. Systems models of the material or resource flows caused by the household demand for paper, energy, water and bottled water have been constructed. The project has highlighted the complexity of assessing the contributions of specific technologies and strategies to enhanced sustainability. Particular issues raised include the relative merits and problems of using externality valuation methods compared to physical indicators, the difficulties of aggregating environmental impacts, the question of where system boundaries should be drawn in a life cycle analysis, and the need to consider both distant and local impacts which arise from the end-use demands of urban populations. The paper explores these issues, through the use of modelling results from the case studies. Particular emphasis is placed on the communication of research results to policy makers, interested organisations and the public, drawing on recent experience with the dissemination of results from the project's first case study relating to waste-paper management options. 相似文献
540.
Stephen Bocking David Gibbs Susie Ohlenschlager Darlene E. Clover Timothy Boston Peder Hjorth Barry Solomon Julian Hine Iris Turner 《Local Environment》1999,4(3):385-397
Toward Sustainable Communities: resources for citizens and their governments. Mark Roseland with Maureen Cureton & Heather Wornell, 1998, Gabriola Island, New Society Publishers, ISBN 0 86571 374 X, $18.95
First Mover Advantage by Eco-efficiency: local incentives for environment and employment.. C. Erdmunger & S. Schreckenberger, 1998, Freiburg, ICLEI, DM30
Agendas for Sustainability: environment and development into the twenty-first century. Mary Macdonald, 1998, London, Routledge, ISBN 0 415 15491X, £55.00 (hbk)
Women, Population and Global Crisis: a political-economic analysis. Asoka Bandarage, 1997, London, Zed Books, ISBN 1 85649 428 4, £15.95 (pbk)
Spirit of the Environment: religion, value, and environmental concern. David Cooper & Joy Palmer (Eds), 1998, London, Routledge, ISBN 0 4151 4202 4, £12.99 (pbk)
Environmental Transition in Nordic and Baltic Countries. Hans Aage (Ed.), 1998, (New Horizons in Environmental Economics). Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA, Edward Elgar, ISBN 1 85898 629 X
Sustainability Indicators: measuring the immeasurable. Simon Bell & Stephen Morse, 1999, London, Earthscan Publications, 175 pp. ISBN 1 85383 498 X, LE14.95 (pbk)
The Economics of Road Transport Regulation. Erik Verhoef, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar 1996, 265 pp. ISBN 1 85898 364 9, £55.00
The Water Crisis. Julie Stauffer, London, Earthscan, 1998, ISBN 185383 436X, £12.95 (pbk) 相似文献
First Mover Advantage by Eco-efficiency: local incentives for environment and employment.. C. Erdmunger & S. Schreckenberger, 1998, Freiburg, ICLEI, DM30
Agendas for Sustainability: environment and development into the twenty-first century. Mary Macdonald, 1998, London, Routledge, ISBN 0 415 15491X, £55.00 (hbk)
Women, Population and Global Crisis: a political-economic analysis. Asoka Bandarage, 1997, London, Zed Books, ISBN 1 85649 428 4, £15.95 (pbk)
Spirit of the Environment: religion, value, and environmental concern. David Cooper & Joy Palmer (Eds), 1998, London, Routledge, ISBN 0 4151 4202 4, £12.99 (pbk)
Environmental Transition in Nordic and Baltic Countries. Hans Aage (Ed.), 1998, (New Horizons in Environmental Economics). Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA, Edward Elgar, ISBN 1 85898 629 X
Sustainability Indicators: measuring the immeasurable. Simon Bell & Stephen Morse, 1999, London, Earthscan Publications, 175 pp. ISBN 1 85383 498 X, LE14.95 (pbk)
The Economics of Road Transport Regulation. Erik Verhoef, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar 1996, 265 pp. ISBN 1 85898 364 9, £55.00
The Water Crisis. Julie Stauffer, London, Earthscan, 1998, ISBN 185383 436X, £12.95 (pbk) 相似文献