Analysis of Coupling between Soil and Water Conservation and Economic-social Development

The coupling relation exists in water and soil conservation and economic-social development. The article analyses the relation of soil and water conservation and economic-social development stages as well as the coupling analytical method. Then calculates the expecting income by dispersing Markov decision and calculates the correlation coefficient and the relationship degree. The article obtains the relationship of soil and water conservation investments and all kinds of incomes. Finally, it analyzes the important meaning in socio-economic development of water and soil conservation.     

耐盐活性污泥的驯化及对有机氯化物的降解性能

研究了高盐条件下的活性污泥驯化工艺,比较了驯化活性污泥与未经驯化活性污泥对废水中有机氯化物的去除效果。研究结果表明,经驯化后,活性污泥的理化指标发生了改变,对水中丙酮的去除率平均为68．3％,对二氯乙烷的去除率平均为83．0％,均优于未经驯化的活性污泥。这说明在合适的条件下,活性污泥经过耐盐驯化后可提高微生物对水中含氯有机物的适应能力,提高含氯有机物的去除效果。     

分光光度法测定大气颗粒物和柴油尾气中的砷含量

介绍了测定砷含量的分光光度法,该方法可以应用于大气颗粒物中的痕量砷的敏感性测定。测定、考察了北方城市大气中砷浓度及日变化规律,结果表明,分光光度法显色稳定,灵敏度高。将此方法获得的结果与原子吸收法所得到的结果进行比较,两者高度吻合。进行了柴油机动车尾气中砷含量的测定,结果表明,其尾气中含有一定量的砷。     

高铁酸钾降解苯酚的机制研究

借助高效液相色谱(HPLC),通过标准物比对法和添加标准物法,研究了高铁酸钾降解苯酚的开环产物.结果表明,高铁酸钾降解苯酚的主要稳定的中间产物有顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、草酸和甲酸.并据此推导出苯酚被高铁酸钾氧化降解的可能途径.     

土壤中咪唑啉酮类除草剂的分析及归趋研究

咪唑啉酮类除草剂具有较长的残留活性,研究其在土壤中的环境行为具有重要的意义.介绍了咪唑啉酮类除草剂的特性,评述了咪唑啉酮类除草剂在土壤中的前处理方法和分析方法以及该类除草剂在土壤中的吸附、降解和迁移特性,并针对目前的状况和存在的问题提出了今后的研究方向.     

生物填料在重污染河道治理中的应用研究

将生物填料应用于城市重污染河道治理,研究了随时间的推移,填料垂直方向上生物膜的膜量、膜组成、膜活性变化规律以及生物填料对水质的改善效果.试验结果表明,该生物填料生物膜活性以比基质耗氧速率表示为0.153～0.174 mg/(g·h) .在挂膜进行到第40天、悬挂密度为24根/m2 时,对水质改善达到最佳效果,对TN、TP、COD、Chla、浊度的去除率分别为53%、35%、50%、5%、44%.     

Investigation of suitable precursors for manganese oxide catalysts in ethyl acetate oxidation

The control of ethyl acetate emissions from fermentation and extraction processes in the pharmaceutical industry is of great importance to the environment. We have developed three Mn₂O₃ catalysts by using different Mn precursors (MnCl₂, Mn(CH₃COO)₂, MnSO₄), named as Mn₂O₃-Cl, -Ac, -SO₄. The tested catalytic activity results showed a sequence with Mn precursors as: Mn₂O₃-Cl > Mn₂O₃-Ac > Mn₂O₃-SO₄. The Mn₂O₃-Cl catalyst reached a complete ethyl acetate conversion at 212℃ (75℃ lower than that of Mn₂O₃-SO₄), and this high activity 100% could be maintained high at 212℃ for at least 100 hr. The characterization data about the physical properties of catalysts did not show an obvious correlation between the structure and morphology of Mn₂O₃ catalysts and catalytic performance, neither was the surface area the determining factor for catalytic activity in the ethyl acetate oxidation. Here we firstly found there is a close linear relationship between the catalytic activity and the amount of lattice oxygen species in the ethyl acetate oxidation, indicating that lattice oxygen species were essential for excellent catalytic activity. Through H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) results, we found that the lowest initial reduction temperature over the Mn₂O₃-Cl had stronger oxygen mobility, thus more oxygen species participated in the oxidation reaction, resulting in the highest catalytic performance. With convenient preparation, high efficiency, and stability, Mn₂O₃ prepared with MnCl₂ will be a promising catalyst for removing ethyl acetate in practical application.     

Online single particle measurement of fireworks pollution during Chinese New Year in Nanning

Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays.     

Evaluation of bacterial pathogen diversity, abundance and health risks in urban recreational water by amplicon next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR

The microbial quality of urban recreational water is of great concern to public health.The monitoring of indicator organisms and several pathogens alone is not sufficient to accurately and comprehensively identify microbial risks.To assess the levels of bacterial pathogens and health risks in urban recreational water,we analyzed pathogen diversity and quantified four pathogens in 46 water samples collected from waterbodies in Beijing Olympic Forest Park in one year.The pathogen diversity revealed by 16 S r RNA gene targeted next-generation sequencing(NGS) showed that 16 of 40 genera and 13 of 76 reference species were present.The most abundant species were Acinetobacter johnsonii,Mycobacterium avium and Aeromonas spp.Quantitative polymerase chain reaction(q PCR) of Escherichia coli(uid A),Aeromonas(aer A),M.avium(16S r RNA),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(oaa) and Salmonella(inv A) showed that the aer A genes were the most abundant,occurring in all samples with concentrations of 10~(4–6) genome copies/100 m L,followed by oaa,inv A and M.avium.In total,34.8% of the samples harbored all genes,indicating the prevalence of these pathogens in this recreational waterbody.Based on the q PCR results,a quantitative microbial risk assessment(QMRA) showed that the annual infection risks of Salmonella,M.avium and P.aeruginosa in five activities were mostly greater than the U.S.EPA risk limit for recreational contacts,and children playing with water may be exposed to the greatest infection risk.Our findings provide a comprehensive understanding of bacterial pathogen diversity and pathogen abundance in urban recreational water by applying both NGS and q PCR.     

人工替代栖息地对长江口湿地的补充作用研究

利用恢复生态学和景观生态学原理构建人工替代栖息地是恢复和重建生物栖息地环境的重要手段之一,是用于滨海河口区修复或重建滩涂湿地等栖息地的一种替代方法。人工替代栖息地构建出了接近自然原貌的人工系统,创造一种湿地植被和湿地动物可以协调共存的生境,不仅可以为鸟类资源和渔业资源提供良好的栖息环境,其中多样化组合的植被群落在滨水景观、水质净化等方面也起到了重要的作用,对长江口自然湿地的恢复和自然保护区的动态管理具有不可忽视的补充作用。在迁徙鸟类重要中转驿站,珍稀或者经济鱼类的洄游通道,特殊价值的重要湿地景观格局以及水资源战略储备区域中布局人工替代栖息地,可以发挥其对长江口湿地的补充作用,使高度开放而又极为敏感的长江河口地区循着生态健康道路发展。