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91.
Citizen Participation in Collaborative Watershed Partnerships 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Collaborative efforts are increasingly being used to address complex environmental problems, both in the United States and
abroad. This is especially true in the growing field of collaborative watershed management, where diverse stakeholders work
together to develop and advance water-quality goals. Active citizen participation is viewed as a key component, yet groups
often struggle to attract and maintain citizen engagement. This study examined citizen participation behavior in collaborative
watershed partnerships by way of a written survey administered to citizen members of 12 collaborative watershed groups in
Ohio. Results for the determination of who joins such groups were consistent with the dominant-status model of participation
because group members were not demographically representative of the broader community. The dominant-status model, however,
does not explain which members are more likely to actively participate in group activities. Instead, individual characteristics,
including political activity, knowledge, and comfort in sharing opinions with others, were positively correlated with active
participation. In addition, group characteristics, including government-based membership, rural location, perceptions of open
communication, perceptions that the group has enough technical support to accomplish its goals, and perceived homogeneity
of participant opinions, were positively correlated with active participation. Overall, many group members did not actively
participate in group activities. 相似文献
92.
Transformations of dissolved organic matter in a landfill leachate--a size exclusion chromatography/mass spectrometric approach 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The aim of the present study was to search for qualitative changes in the landfill leachate DOM along a groundwater gradient. The study was focused on DOM characteristics of importance for its interaction with pollutants, such as molecular weight distribution and aromaticity. It was concluded that the leachate DOM underwent substantial qualitative changes along the investigated gradient at the Vejen landfill, Denmark. The molecular weight decreased, the polydispersity increased, and the aromaticity varied with the lowest values found in the middle of the gradient. The high aromaticity in the end of the gradient may explain the higher DOM binding capacity towards hydrophobic compounds seen earlier in these samples. The relative abundance of ions with mass to charge ratio (m/z) of 600-1200 seemed to be very stable along the gradient, indicating that the observed qualitative changes of the DOM is mostly attributed to changes in the m/z 100-600 range. The DOM seemed to become more similar to fulvic acids present in uncontaminated groundwater with respect to molecular weight and polydispersity along the gradient. 相似文献
93.
One hundred and sixteen sewage sludge samples from 22 municipal wastewater treatment plants in Sweden were analysed for brominated flame retardants. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were in the range n.d.-450 ng/g wet weight, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) varied between n.d. and 220 ng/g wet weight, 2,4,6-tribromophenol was in the range n.d.-0.9 ng/g wet weight and polybrominated biphenyls were not detected (except for a possible analytical interference). There was a significant variation in the samples among plants. Influence from industries and other local sources can therefore be assumed. The correlation pattern indicated contribution from three different types of technical products; composed of either low-brominated PBDEs, decaBDE or TBBPA. 相似文献
94.
Biological Characteristics, Habitat Associations, and Distribution of Macrofungi in Sweden 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
We conducted a statistical analysis of taxonomic and functional groups, of some ecological characteristics (edaphic factors, macro- and micro-habitats) and of the distribution of macrofungi in Sweden, based on an ecological data catalog of 3196 species. We placed particular emphasis on a comparison of threatened and non-threatened taxa. Differences in the proportions of threatened macrofungi were found among both taxonomic and functional groups, partly explained by a lack of information on some of the groups. A comparatively high proportion of threatened macrofungi is found on dry and base-rich soils. High relative numbers of threatened taxa occur in semi-natural open habitats such as calcareous grasslands and in southern deciduous hardwood forests on high-pH soils. Another habitat type of major importance for red-listed species is the boreal spruce forest. A high proportion of the wood-inhabiting species are red-listed; this is probably a result of the dramatic decrease in decaying wood in Swedish forests during this century. Both the absolute number of species and the absolute and relative numbers of threatened species decrease from south to north. Many functional and habitat characteristics differed between regions. Our overall results were largely consistent with those found for forest plants and animals. Some differences, however, were found when comparing macrofungal characteristics and levels of threat to macrofungi between Sweden and other European countries. Among the main threats to macrofungi in Sweden are modern forestry, the decrease of semi-natural open habitats as a result of changed land management practices, and, in southern Sweden, probably also air pollution. 相似文献
95.
96.
Rutger?RosenbergEmail author Samuel?Dupont Tomas?Lund?lv Helen?Nilsson?Sk?ld Alf?Norkko Josefin?Roth Thomas?Stach Mike?Thorndyke 《Marine Biology》2005,148(1):43-50
Ophiurid basket stars belonging to the family Gorgonocephalidae are distributed from the Arctic to the Antarctic and from the shallow subtidal to the deep sea, but their biology remains poorly known. In situ observations at the mouth of the Oslofjord by a remotely operated vehicle showed that Gorgonocephalus caputmedusae had a patchy distribution at 85 to 120 m water depth and frequently occurred in association with the gorgonian Paramuricea placomus and the coral Lophelia pertusa. Morphological and histological studies show that G. caputmedusae is well adapted to capture macroplanktonic prey. Histological examination of the arms revealed the presence of a thick layer of dermal mutable connective tissue which is probably an energy-efficient way to maintain its feeding posture against the current. This layer is connected to the nerve cord suggesting that the passive mechanical properties (stiffness) is controlled by the nervous system. In the distal parts of the arms, each segment has a pair of sticky tube feet and a sophisticated system of spines and hooks, which are connected to muscles and collagenous tendons. In combination, these features were shown, in an experimental flume study, to be used for capturing the locally abundant krill species Meganyctiphanes norvegica. This is the first documentation of G. caputmedusae of this kind. 相似文献
97.
Branislav Igic David R. Greenwood David J. Palmer Phillip Cassey Brian J. Gill Tomas Grim Patricia L. R. Brennan Suzanne M. Bassett Phil F. Battley Mark E. Hauber 《Chemoecology》2010,20(1):43-48
The known chemical basis of diverse avian eggshell coloration is generated by the same two classes of tetrapyrrole pigments
in most living birds. We aimed to extend the evolutionary scope of these patterns by detecting pigments from extinct birds’
eggs. In our samples biliverdin was successfully extracted from subfossil shell fragments of the blue-green egg-laying upland
moa Megalapteryx didinus, while protoporphyrin was extracted from the beige eggs of two other extinct moa species. Our data on pigment detection from
eggshells of other extant paleognath birds, together with published information on other modern lineages, confirm tetrapyrroles
as ubiquitous and conserved pigments contributing to diverse eggshell colours throughout avian evolution. 相似文献
98.
Cadmium penetration into a sandy-loam soil during the field ponded infiltration at Kralovska luka site in Southern Slovakia was observed in a controlled experiment. Adsorption of cadmium was examined using the radioactive tracer techniques in laboratory batch tests. Quite deep (115m)Cd penetration during the field experiment (65 cm beneath the soil surface) gives evidence of the particle-facilitated transport of cadmium through preferential pathways. More than 40% of the applied cadmium moved deeper than 10 cm. The field experiment was analyzed using both conventional single-continuum approach (based on Richards' equation for water flow and advection-dispersion equation for Cd transport) and dual-continuum approach. The latter approach allowed us to simulate more adequately the observed movement of cadmium. 相似文献
99.
Tomas Navrátil Stephen A. Norton Ivan J. Fernandez Sarah J. Nelson 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,171(1-4):23-45
Mean annual concentration of ${\textrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$ in wet-only deposition has decreased between 1988 and 2006 at the paired watershed study at Bear Brook Watershed in Maine, USA (BBWM) due to substantially decreased emissions of SO2. Emissions of NOx have not changed substantially, but deposition has declined slightly at BBWM. Base cations, ${\textrm{NH}}_{4}^{+}$ , and Cl??? concentrations were largely unchanged, with small irregular changes of <1 μeq L???1 per year from 1988 to 2006. Precipitation chemistry, hydrology, vegetation, and temperature drive seasonal stream chemistry. Low flow periods were typical in June–October, with relatively greater contributions of deeper flow solutions with higher pH; higher concentrations of acid-neutralizing capacity, Si, and non-marine Na; and low concentrations of inorganic Al. High flow periods during November–May were typically dominated by solutions following shallow flow paths, which were characterized by lower pH and higher Al and DOC concentrations. Biological activity strongly controlled ${\textrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ and K?+?. They were depressed during the growing season and elevated in the fall. Since 1987, East Bear Brook (EB), the reference stream, has been slowly responding to reduced but still elevated acid deposition. Calcium and Mg have declined fairly steadily and faster than ${\textrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$ , with consequent acidification (lower pH and higher inorganic Al). Eighteen years of experimental treatment with (NH4)2SO4 enhanced acidification of West Bear Brook’s (WB) watershed. Despite the manipulation, ${\textrm{NH}}_{4}^{+}$ concentration remained below detection limits at WB, while leaching of ${\textrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ increased. The seasonal pattern for ${\textrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$ concentrations in WB, however, remained similar to EB. Mean monthly concentrations of ${\textrm{SO}}_{4}^{2-}$ have increased in WB since 1989, initially only during periods of high flow, but gradually also during base flow. Increases in mean monthly concentrations of Ca2?+?, Mg2?+?, and K?+? due to the manipulation occurred from 1989 until about 1995, during the depletion of base cations in shallow flow paths in WB. Progressive depletion of Ca and Mg at greater soil depth occurred, causing stream concentrations to decline to pre-manipulation values. Mean monthly Si concentrations did not change in EB or WB, suggesting that the manipulation had no effect on mineral weathering rates. DOC concentrations in both streams did not exhibit inter- or intra-annual trends. 相似文献
100.
Pilgrimage is an activity having a long tradition within the European historical context, and it has contributed to the overall spiritual aspect of European landscapes. Since the nineteenth century, however, the mining industry has strongly transformed many of those landscapes. The intangible cultural and spiritual values have been neglected in the process of mine rehabilitation. The aim of the present paper is to introduce a methodological approach to recovering the pilgrimage tradition in a post-mining landscape. The approach was developed in a case study regarding recovery of the Czech Republic's Osek–Mariánské Rad?ice pilgrimage route. Applying the principles of preservation, paraphrasing, evocation, and a new structure, the methodological framework for pilgrimage route recovery was designed and a variety of methodological issues regarding conflict between industrialism and the holy spirit of the original landscape were addressed. 相似文献