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An experimental study of the behavior of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in leachate treatment processes (aeration, coagulation and sedimentation, activated carbon adsorption, and advanced oxidation) was conducted and removal efficiencies were evaluated. Among target EDCs, concentrations of BPA (1800 times), DBP (10 times), BBP (40 times), and DEHP (30 times) in leachate are more than ten times higher than those in surface water. BPA, DBP, and BBP can be treated by aeration and DEHP, by advanced oxidation processes. BPA could not be effectively removed by coagulation and sedimentation because most of BPA partitioned in the supernatant. DEHP could hardly be treated by aeration. The removal ratios of DEHP were approximately 50–70% if the generated sediment was removed completely. The removal ratios of DEHP in leachate of 100 m3/d with 100 kg of activated carbon were 50–70%, assuming a complete mixing model. The concentration of DEHP was decreased to below one-tenth in 120 min by advanced oxidation processes. 相似文献
13.
Wahyudiono Mitsuru Sasaki Motonobu Goto 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2011,13(1):68-79
The conversion of biomass waste into resources as a recycling process is receiving increased interest due to the perceived
need for a sustainable global carbon cycle and environmental considerations. Several treatment processes are being developed.
Hydrothermal treatment is one of the most effective approaches, because water at high temperatures and high pressures behaves
as a reaction medium with remarkable properties. In this work, the reaction behavior of guaiacol as a biomass model compound
was studied in subcritical water at 483–563 K and in supercritical water at 653–673 K using a batch reactor. Guaiacol can
be considered representative of the aromatic ring structures present in lignin, a major component of woody biomass. The chemical
species formed in aqueous products were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and quantified using high-performance
liquid chromatography. The effect of pressure and reaction time on the conversion process of guaiacol is discussed. The results
obtained indicate that this method has potential for efficient organic waste conversion. 相似文献
14.
Robert Gifford Leila Scannell Christine Kormos Lidia Smolova Anders Biel Stefan Boncu Victor Corral Hartmut Güntherf Kazunori Hanyu Donald Hine Florian G. Kaiser Kalevi Korpela Luisa Marie Lima Angela G. Mertig Ricardo Garcia Mira Gabriel Moser Paola Passafaro José Q. Pinheiro Sunil Saini Toshihiko Sako Elena Sautkina Yannick Savina Peter Schmuck Wesley Schultz Karin Sobeck Eva-Lotta Sundblad David Uzzell 《Journal of environmental psychology》2009
The personal assessments of the current and expected future state of the environment by 3232 community respondents in 18 nations were investigated at the local, national, and global spatial levels. These assessments were compared to a ranking of each country's environmental quality by an expert panel. Temporal pessimism (“things will get worse”) was found in the assessments at all three spatial levels. Spatial optimism bias (“things are better here than there”) was found in the assessments of current environmental conditions in 15 of 18 countries, but not in the assessments of the future. All countries except one exhibited temporal pessimism, but significant differences between them were common. Evaluations of current environmental conditions also differed by country. Citizens' assessments of current conditions, and the degree of comparative optimism, were strongly correlated with the expert panel's assessments of national environmental quality. Aside from the value of understanding global trends in environmental assessments, the results have important implications for environmental policy and risk management strategies. 相似文献
15.
A method for regional-scale material flow and decoupling analysis: A demonstration case study of Aichi prefecture, Japan 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Junzo Tachibana Keiko Hirota Naohiro Goto Koichi Fujie 《Resources, Conservation and Recycling》2008,52(12):1382-1390
We have developed a method to analyse the annual material flow in a prefecture and have calculated environmental indicators for a prefecture. Material flow analysis (MFA) is important to clarify the structure of a regional society and obtain environmental indicators for a circular society. However, MFA has not advanced in local governments because of few local statistics. We have developed a method to analyse the annual material flow in Aichi prefecture from 1980 to 2000 using an input–output (I–O) table and statistics of Aichi. We have verified the accuracy of this method by comparing its results for 2000 which calculated on the basis of official I–O table for 1995 with the I–O table data for 2000; the correlation coefficient obtained in this case is greater than 0.95. Moreover, by performing MFA, we have estimated the resource consumption and decoupling indicator of each industry in Aichi prefecture from 1980 to 2000. We could obtain more detailed and accurate environmental indicators by using our method. From these results, we could estimate the progress of Aichi prefecture towards a circular society. 相似文献
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Motomu Toda Masayuki Yokozawa Akihiro Sumida Tsutomu Watanabe Toshihiko Hara 《Ecological modelling》2009
A simulation study was carried out to investigate simultaneously the effects of eco-physiological parameters on competitive asymmetry, self-thinning, stand biomass and NPP in a temperate forest using an atmosphere–vegetation dynamics interactive model (MINoSGI). In this study, we selected three eco-physiological relevant parameters as foliage profiles (i.e. vertical distribution of leaf area density) of individual trees (distribution pattern is described by the parameter η), biomass allocation pattern in individual tree growth (χ) and the maximum carboxylation velocity (Vmax). The position of the maximal leaf area density shifts upward in the canopy with increasing η. For scenarios with η < 4 (foliage concentrated in the lowest canopy layer) or η > 12 (foliage concentrated in the uppermost canopy layer), a low degree of competitive asymmetry was produced. These scenarios resulted in the survival of subordinate trees due to a brighter lower canopy environment when η < 4 or the generation of spatially separated foliage profiles between dominant and subordinate trees when η > 12. In contrast, competition between trees was most asymmetric when 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 (vertically widespread foliage profile in the canopy), especially when η = 8. In such cases, vertically widespread foliage of dominant trees lowered the opportunity of light acquisition for subordinate trees and reduced their carbon gain. The resulting reduction in carbon gain of subordinate trees yielded a higher degree of competitive asymmetry and ultimately higher mortality of subordinate trees. It was also shown that 4 ≤ η ≤ 12 generated higher self-thinning speed, smaller accumulated NPP, litter-fall and potential stand biomass as compared with the scenarios with η < 4 or η > 12. In contrast, our simulation revealed small effects of χ or Vmax on the above-mentioned variables as compared with those of η. In particular, it is notable that greater Vmax would not produce greater potential stand biomass and accumulated NPP although it has been thought that physiological parameters relevant to photosynthesis such as Vmax influence dynamic changes in forest stand biomass and NPP (e.g. the greater the Vmax, the greater the NPP). Overall, it is suggested that foliage profiles rather than biomass allocation or maximum carboxylation velocity greatly govern forest dynamics, stand biomass, NPP and litter-fall. 相似文献
18.
Minoru Yoshikawa Yuko Motoki Go Hibino Kazuhiko Takeuchi Keisuke Hanaki Shinichi Arai Toshihiko Masui Toshihiro Inoue 《Sustainability Science》2011,6(2):169-175
Here we propose a method to quantitatively assess and examine Global No Net Loss (GNNL) of forest biodiversity on a global
scale. The method produces a GNNL index of existing forest and enables future predictions of forest loss under different assumptions.
The method tests the feasibility of the GNNL index and enables discussion of policy for future global scale sustainable forest
management up to 2050. The GNNL index was estimated from an equation including forest areas per country per forest type (primary
forest, secondary forest and plantation forest), diversity of forest ecosystem, and species density. Estimates derived from
historical data revealed an approximate 7% reduction in GNNL index between 1990 and 2005. Predictions of the GNNL index until
2050 emphasize the importance of regenerating large portions of forests felled for agricultural land (or other uses) with
secondary forests. 相似文献
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