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排序方式: 共有105条查询结果,搜索用时 140 毫秒
71.
Gordon AM McBride RA Fisken AJ Bates TE 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》1989,56(4):327-336
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the nature and severity of stresses imposed on northern hardwood tree species (red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)) by the application of municipal landfill leachate. Red maple seedlings received applications of untreated and pretreated (lime, activated carbon) leachate, to both leaves and soil, at irrigation rates consistent with evapotranspirational demands. Plant height measurements indicated no significant growth effects arising from leachate application over a 7-week period. Stem diameter, however, was positively affected by applications of both untreated and lime-treated leachate diluted to 75% with deionized water. Iron foliar concentrations were significantly higher in seedlings irrigated with untreated leachate applied to leaves and soil, but not in seedlings where leachate was applied to soil only. Nitrogen foliar concentrations were substantially higher in seedlings receiving undiluted and untreated leachate applied to the soil only. The Cu concentration of the red maple foliage decreased appreciably in plants receiving moderate applications of leachate. Foliar Ca concentrations decreased notably in seedlings irrigated with untreated leachate applied to the soil and with diluted, carbon-treated leachate. The Cu concentration of the red maple foliage decreased appreciably in plants receiving applications of undiluted and 50% water-diluted lime-treated leachate while Mn levels were consistently high across all treatments. Leachate application did not cause any discernable changes in foliar concentrations of P, K, Mg, B or Zn. In an ancillary experiment, sugar maple seedlings were subjected to saturation/ drainage treatment cycles with undiluted and untreated leachate. Severe visible symptoms of vegetative stress were apparent within 24 h and 100% seedling mortality occurred after five such waterlogging cycles. Fe assimilation was apparent in both leachate treatments relative to the 24 h water treatment. Despite the short-term nature of the experiments, the results indicate how quickly forest vegetation may respond to altered chemical environments. This underscores the need for correct installation and control of leachate irrigation systems. 相似文献
72.
Most studies of population movement have concentrated on the more developed nations and on trends that have not been influenced by man-made or natural disasters. The experience of developing countries in the Caribbean basin, as studied after the Guatemalan earthquake of 1976 and the impact of Hurricane David in the Dominican Republic of 1979, highlights the importance of socio-economic factors in the decision to make permanent migrations after a disaster, regardless of whether the migrant had personally suffered losses. In many cases the opportunities for personal betterment created by the disaster acted as a catalyst and accelerated a previously-existing trend of migration. 相似文献
73.
74.
C. P. Holt P. S. Phillips M. P. Bates 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(5):1013-1022
ABSTRACT: There is growing interest in managing water demand in the UK. A series of waste minimization clubs have been set up within the country and this paper identifies the effectiveness of these clubs in reducing the demand for water within industry. Membership of these clubs is voluntary and the only incentive for industry to reduce water consumption, and consequently the production of effluent, is the almost immediate financial saving made by the company, often achieved by accounting for the water consumption and loss within site from the point of input from the water supplier to output in the form of effluent. On average, companies are able to reduce water consumption by up to 30 percent. If the entire industrial sector within the UK were to achieve this degree of savings, it is possible that approximately 1300Ml/d could be saved. 相似文献
75.
Bioremediation has been used frequently at sites contaminated with organic hazardous chemicals where releases from processing vessels and the mismanagement of reagents and generated waste have contributed to significant impairment of the environment. At wood treater sites, process reagents such as pentachlorophenol (PCP), and creosote have adversely impacted the surrounding soil and groundwater. When PCP has been used at these sites, polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are typically found. Where creosote has been used as the wood preservative of choice, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are commonly found. Many of these compounds are considered to be persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) and are particularly recalcitrant. 相似文献
76.
Karsten Suhre Vincent Crassier Cline Mari Robert Rosset Doug W. Johnson Simon Osborne Robert Wood Meinrat O. Andreae Brian Bandy Timothy S. Bates Steven Businger Christian Gerbig Frank Raes Jochen Rudolph 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2000,34(29-30)
Three Lagrangian experiments were conducted during IGAC's second aerosol characterization experiment (ACE-2) in the area between Portugal, Tenerife and Madeira in June/July 1997. During each Lagrangian experiment, a boundary layer air mass was followed for about 30 h, and the temporal evolution of its chemical and aerosol composition was documented by a series of vertical profiles and horizontal box pattern flown by the Meteorological Research Flight research aircraft Hercules C130. The wealth of observational data that has been collected during these three Lagrangian experiments is the basis for the development and testing of a one-dimensional Lagrangian boundary layer model with coupled gas, aqueous, and aerosol phase chemistry. The focus of this paper is on current model limitations and strengths. We show that the model is able to represent the dynamical and chemical evolution of the marine boundary layer, in some cases requiring adjustments of the subsidence velocity and of the surface heat fluxes. Entrainment of a layer rich in ozone and carbon monoxide from a residual continental boundary layer into the marine boundary layer as well as in-cloud oxidation of sulphur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide are simulated, and coherent results are obtained, concerning the evolution of the small, presumably sulphate–ammonia aerosol mode. 相似文献
77.
Fires in mountain big sagebrush [Artemisia tridentata spp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle] plant communities historically shifted dominance from woody to herbaceous vegetation. However, fire return intervals have lengthened with European settlement, and sagebrush dominance has increased at the expense of herbaceous vegetation in some plant communities. Management actions may be needed to decrease sagebrush in dense sagebrush stands to increase herbaceous vegetation. Prescribed fire is often used to remove sagebrush; however, mechanical treatments, such as mowing, are increasingly used because they are more controllable and do not pose an inherent risk of escape compared with fire. However, information on the effects of burned and mowed treatments on herbaceous vegetation and whether fire and mowed applications elicit similar vegetation responses are limited. We evaluated the effects of prescribed burning and mowing for 3?years after treatment in mountain big sagebrush plant communities. The burned and mowed treatments generally increased herbaceous cover, density, and production compared with untreated controls (P?0.05). However, neither treatment induced a response in native perennial forb cover, density, or biomass (P?>?0.05). In contrast, annual forb (predominately natives) cover, density, and biomass increased with mowing and burning (P?0.05). Vegetation generally responded similarly in burned and mowed treatments; however, the burned treatment had less sagebrush, greater herbaceous vegetation production, and more bare ground than the mowed treatment (P?0.05). These differences should be considered when selecting treatments to decrease sagebrush. 相似文献
78.
Native Perennial Forb Variation Between Mountain Big Sagebrush and Wyoming Big Sagebrush Plant Communities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) occupies large portions of the western United States and provides valuable wildlife habitat. However, information
is lacking quantifying differences in native perennial forb characteristics between mountain big sagebrush [A. tridentata spp. vaseyana (Rydb.) Beetle] and Wyoming big sagebrush [A. tridentata spp. wyomingensis (Beetle & A. Young) S.L. Welsh] plant communities. This information is critical to accurately evaluate the quality of habitat
and forage that these communities can produce because many wildlife species consume large quantities of native perennial forbs
and depend on them for hiding cover. To compare native perennial forb characteristics on sites dominated by these two subspecies
of big sagebrush, we sampled 106 intact big sagebrush plant communities. Mountain big sagebrush plant communities produced
almost 4.5-fold more native perennial forb biomass and had greater native perennial forb species richness and diversity compared
to Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities (P < 0.001). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and the multiple-response permutation procedure (MRPP) demonstrated that
native perennial forb composition varied between these plant communities (P < 0.001). Native perennial forb composition was more similar within plant communities grouped by big sagebrush subspecies
than expected by chance (A = 0.112) and composition varied between community groups (P < 0.001). Indicator analysis did not identify any perennial forbs that were completely exclusive and faithful, but did identify
several perennial forbs that were relatively good indicators of either mountain big sagebrush or Wyoming big sagebrush plant
communities. Our results suggest that management plans and habitat guidelines should recognize differences in native perennial
forb characteristics between mountain and Wyoming big sagebrush plant communities. 相似文献
79.
80.
Peter A. Scheff Richard A. Wadden Barbara A. Bates Paul F. Aronian 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(4):469-478
The development of receptor models for the determination of the sources of an ambient air pollutant requires that the composition of the pollutant at the point of emission be known. For this study, composition information for 10 sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC) were evaluated and source fingerprints developed. The source categories include motor vehicles, gasoline vapor, petroleum refineries, architectural coatings, graphic arts, waste-water treatment, vapor degreasing, drycleaning, automobile assembly (including body painting), and polyethylene production. The fingerprints are presented for a group of 23 compounds. These compounds were selected for a variety of reasons including ease of measurement in the ambient environment, compound toxicity, reactivity, and usefulness in previous receptor modeling applications. In general, the data for sources of VOC are remarkably consistent from study to study. Because the profiles for many of the sources of VOC are controlled by physical and chemical processes (e.g. combustion) and not raw material composition, the fingerprints have general applicability. 相似文献