以淀粉为模板多孔纳米氧化铈的制备及其催化性能研究

为获得多孔纳米CeO₂（氧化铈）,以淀粉为生物模板,以Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O为铈源,在温和条件下制备出海绵状的多孔纳米CeO₂,同时考察了焙烧温度、碱液、铈源投加量对样品形貌的影响.利用XRD（X射线衍射光谱）、SEM（扫描电镜）、N₂吸附-脱附等表征手段对合成的多孔纳米CeO₂进行物相组成、微观形貌及孔径大小分布的分析.通过湿式催化过氧化试验,探究其对腈纶废水中有机物COD_Cr的催化降解性能.结果表明:①所制备的多孔纳米CeO₂具有多孔结构,孔径分布范围为2~4 nm,孔容为0.225 cm3/g,BET比表面积为256.426 m2/g;②多孔纳米CeO₂的最佳制备条件为1 g淀粉溶解于20 mL水中,加入0.02 mol Ce（NO₃）₃·6H₂O,以5%的氨水调节前驱体混合液pH,以1℃/min升至400℃,焙烧4 h,得到海绵状的多孔纳米CeO₂.③以不同形貌的CeO₂作为湿式催化反应中的催化剂,催化降解腈纶废水中有机物,其中以制备的多孔纳米CeO₂催化性能最佳,COD_Cr去除率可达82.5%.研究显示,焙烧温度、碱液、铈源投加量均可影响样品的形貌,在湿式催化过氧化处理腈纶废水试验中,多孔纳米CeO₂能显著提高废水COD_Cr的去除率.      

低渗透性裂隙介质中地下水定深分层取样的技术方法研究

获取特定深度的地下水样品进行测试是研究裂隙岩体水文地质特征的重要方法之一。花岗岩体渗透性较低且裂隙发育,具有强烈的非均质性和各向异性,岩体内不同深度地下水出水量差异较大,在这种低渗透性裂隙岩体中定深获取原位地下水样较为困难。提出一种适用于低渗透性裂隙介质的地下水定深分层取样技术方法,该方法设计了一套连续性双栓塞地下水定深分层取样设备,并对取样方法、取样步骤以及注意事项进行了详细阐述,在内蒙古某项目中运用该取样技术方法成功获取了花岗岩体中深层原位地下水样,为低渗透性裂隙岩体水文地质研究提供了基础资料。     

Reconceptualizing water management in Khorezm,Uzbekistan

The Khorezm region is located in the northwest of Uzbekistan, approximately 350 km from the current shore of the Aral Sea. It comprises a large‐scale irrigation system that conveys water from the river Amu Darya to agricultural land cropped mainly with cotton, wheat, and rice. Khorezm's water resources are vulnerable as they depend on upstream developments and are indispensable to rural livelihoods and state budgets. Since water scarcity is expected to increase in the future, sustainable water management is a necessity. Hence, the objectives of the paper are to: (1) conceptualize the distinctive features of water management in Khorezm; (2) provide an integrated analysis of water management by establishing linkages between society, technical infrastructure, and the bio‐physical environment; and (3) make policy and technology recommendations for improved water management. To conceptualize water management in Khorezm, the paper distinguishes three types of practices: formal practices, strategic practices, and discursive practices. Based on these, it presents an analysis of water management on the state water management level, the water user association level, and the farmer and field level. For each level, recommendations are given. The paper concludes that elements of integrated water resources management (IWRM) such as transparency, accountability, participation, and technical efficiency are relevant to improve water management in Khorezm, as elsewhere. In addition, it underlines the need to create legal space for agency and innovation. Technical tools such as models are increasingly important for facilitating transparency and enabling agents to access and make use of information across the management hierarchy.     

The value of open ocean ecosystems: A case study for the Spanish exclusive economic zone

Valuing goods and services from open oceans provides arguments for the ocean's protection and plays an increasingly important role in debates on the use and management of natural resources. This paper identifies and estimates the monetary value of some of the most important goods and services provided by open oceans. The list of goods and services considered includes food production, raw materials, water supply, CO₂ regulation, bioremediation of waste, biomass and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, not only values associated with productive uses are quantified but also values assigned to other biological ecosystem services. This paper constitutes a first attempt in the open ocean literature at evaluating services such as water supply, biomass and biodiversity conservation. To obtain their monetary value, different techniques, some not applied before in this area, have been used depending on the ecosystem service to be evaluated. As a general criterion we use the concept of net value added (revenues obtained from the services less incurred costs). Our methodology is illustrated by estimating the monetary values of goods and services provided by the open ocean ecosystem of Spain as defined by its exclusive economic zone. The total economic value obtained measures the contribution of oceans to overall welfare and it may be an important instrument in managing open ocean ecosystems and developing environmental policies in the future.     

Screening of factors influencing Cu(II) extraction by soybean oil-based organic solvents using fractional factorial design

This study aimed to identify the significant factors that give large effects on the efficiency of Cu(II) extraction from aqueous solutions by soybean oil-based organic solvents using fractional factorial design. Six factors (mixing time (t), di-2-ethylhexylphosphoric acid concentration ([D2EHPA]), organic to aqueous phase ratio (O:A), sodium sulfate concentration ([Na(2)SO(4)]), equilibrium pH (pH(eq)) and tributylphosphate concentration ([TBP])) affecting the percentage extraction (%E) of Cu(II) were investigated. A 2(6-1) fractional factorial design was applied and the results were analyzed statistically. The results show that only [D2EHPA], pH(eq) and their second-order interaction ([D2EHPA] × pH(eq)) influenced the %E significantly. Regression models for %E were developed and the adequacy of the reduced model was examined. The results of this study indicate that fractional factorial design is a useful tool for screening a large number of variables and reducing the number of experiments.     

Water Dispatch Model for Middle Route of a South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project in China1

Chang, Jian‐xia, Yi‐min Wang, and Qiang Huang, 2011. Water Dispatch Model for Middle Route of a South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project in China. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):70‐80. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00478.x Abstract: The objective of this paper is to present a simulation model to address the water dispatch problem of the south‐to‐north water transfer project for the Middle Route system in China. Reasonable rules and a system network structure are established. This model consists of five modules: (1) a data‐processing module, (2) an initial control module, (3) a multisource simulation dispatch module, (4) a system identification module, and (5) a revision module. Water allocated to each province and city along the route is obtained by simulation, and the long‐term operation results show that water supply reliabilities are significantly improved if the transferred water is jointly dispatched with the local water resources.     

Reliability of solid phase microextraction in estimating bioavailability of pyrene in soil

Solid phase microextraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography was employed to estimate bioavailability of pyrene in soils with different properties of textures, organic matter contents (SOM) and aging periods. Experimental results indicated that biodegradation rates increased from 0.10 (sandy loam) to 0.15 (silty loam) microg g-1 hr1. By contrast, biodegradation rate decreased from 0.10(1.3% SOM) to 0.04 (7.6% SOM) microg g-1hr1. The amounts of pyrene biodegraded decreased 27% when SOM was modified from 1.3 to 7.6%, indicating that distributions of pyrene in soils at biodegradation end points were affected by the SOM. Sequestration as measured by sonication extraction had evidently occurred in aged soil samples. SPME measurements slightly overestimated the amount of pyrene degraded by indigenous and seeded microorganisms, in soils with the different properties (correlation coefficient, R2= 0.74). The present study demonstrates that the SPME method can not replace biodegradation tests commonly used for predicting bioremediation efficacy.     

Prediction of total bed material load for rivers in Malaysia: A case study of Langat,Muda and Kurau Rivers

A soft computational technique is applied to predict sediment loads in three Malaysian rivers. The feed forward-back propagated (schemes) artificial neural network (ANNs) architecture is employed without any restriction to an extensive database compiled from measurements in Langat, Muda, Kurau different rivers. The ANN method demonstrated a superior performance compared to other traditional sediment-load methods. The coefficient of determination, 0.958 and the mean square error 0.0698 of the ANN method are higher than those of the traditional method. The performance of the ANN method demonstrates its predictive capability and the possibility of generalization of the modeling to nonlinear problems for river engineering applications.     

缙云山4种森林植被土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征

以重庆市缙云山的竹林、阔叶林、针叶林和针阔叶混交林这4种亚热带森林植被为研究对象,分析不同林分下土壤团聚体及团聚体有机碳在0～20、20～40、40～60和60～100 cm土壤剖面上的分布规律.结果表明,阔叶林土壤 2 mm粒级团聚体含量、平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)及 0. 25 mm团聚体含量(R0. 25)均随土层深度的增加而降低,而其他林分在整个土层中则无明显规律.在各土层中,竹林以 2 mm粒级团聚体为主(30. 73%～53. 08%);阔叶林和混交林的2～0. 25 mm粒级团聚体含量较高,为36. 27%～44. 67%和48. 69%～52. 44%;针叶林的优势粒径为2～0. 25 mm和0. 053 mm.总体上,在各土层中,竹林团聚体的MWD、GMD、R0. 25值均高于其他林分,且其分形维数(D)低于其他林分,可见竹林的土壤团聚体稳定性较好.随着土层深度的增加,不同林分(除针叶林外)土壤团聚体有机碳含量逐渐降低,其中竹林团聚体有机碳含量最高,显著高于针叶林和混交林.就不同团聚体粒级而言,4种林分土壤团聚体有机碳在整个土壤剖面上无明显规律,但各土层均以2～0. 25 mm和0. 053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳含量较高.不同林分下土壤团聚体有机碳相对贡献率存在显著差异,其中针叶林中0. 053 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率最高;竹林的 2 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率高达27. 44%～53. 47%;而阔叶林和混交林则以2～0. 25 mm粒级团聚体有机碳贡献率最高.缙云山的4种林分中,竹林的土壤团聚体稳定性较好,而针叶林的较差;在各土层中,竹林土壤各粒级团聚体有机碳含量最高,针叶林最低.     

Proactive socialization behavior in China: The mediating role of perceived insider status and the moderating role of supervisors' traditionality

This paper identified the dimensions of proactive socialization behavior among Chinese employees. We examined the mediating effects of perceived insider status on the relationships between proactive socialization behavior and socialization outcomes, and the moderating effect of supervisors' traditionality on the relationship between proactive socialization behavior and perceived insider status. Results from 280 newcomer–supervisor pairs supported the hypotheses that proactive socialization behavior was positively associated with task performance and social integration through perceived insider status. In addition, supervisors' traditionality significantly influenced the indirect relationships that proactive socialization behavior had with task performance and social integration via perceived insider status, such that the relationships became weaker as supervisors' traditionality increased. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.