巴东官渡汇流口网箱养鱼对附近水域水质的影响

对巴东官渡汇流口网箱养殖区进行了现场调查和实验室分析,结果显示其水质变化规律为网箱养殖区劣于控制断面区域,控制断面劣于背景和削减断面,同一断面水质基本相同,控制断面水质由网箱向外逐渐变好。主成分分析表明,不同养殖区对水体污染影响依次为：中华鲟养殖区>鸭嘴鲟养殖区>黄颡鱼养殖区>鲤鱼、草鱼混养区。各水质指标相关性分析表明,官渡Chla与总磷和氨氮高度相关;氨氮、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数4个指标明显相关,说明其污染源具有同源性,该水域污染主要受到网箱养殖的影响。以超河流背景断面浓度5％作为划定超背景污染带的标准,网箱养鱼引起的氨氮超背景污染面积最大,约为网箱面积的10倍,高锰酸盐指数超背景污染面积最小,约为网箱面积的5倍     

Multi-decadal changes in tundra environments and ecosystems: synthesis of the International Polar Year-Back to the Future project (IPY-BTF)

Understanding the responses of tundra systems to global change has global implications. Most tundra regions lack sustained environmental monitoring and one of the only ways to document multi-decadal change is to resample historic research sites. The International Polar Year (IPY) provided a unique opportunity for such research through the Back to the Future (BTF) project (IPY project #512). This article synthesizes the results from 13 papers within this Ambio Special Issue. Abiotic changes include glacial recession in the Altai Mountains, Russia; increased snow depth and hardness, permafrost warming, and increased growing season length in sub-arctic Sweden; drying of ponds in Greenland; increased nutrient availability in Alaskan tundra ponds, and warming at most locations studied. Biotic changes ranged from relatively minor plant community change at two sites in Greenland to moderate change in the Yukon, and to dramatic increases in shrub and tree density on Herschel Island, and in subarctic Sweden. The population of geese tripled at one site in northeast Greenland where biomass in non-grazed plots doubled. A model parameterized using results from a BTF study forecasts substantial declines in all snowbeds and increases in shrub tundra on Niwot Ridge, Colorado over the next century. In general, results support and provide improved capacities for validating experimental manipulation, remote sensing, and modeling studies.     

Indoor and outdoor sources of size-resolved mass concentration of particulate matter in a school gym—implications for exposure of exercising children

Introduction  

It has been noticed many times that schools are buildings with high levels of particulate matter concentrations. Several authors documented that concentrations of particulate matter in indoor school microenvironments exceed limits recommended by WHO namely when school buildings are situated near major roads with high traffic densities. In addition, exercise under conditions of high particulate concentrations may increase the adverse health effects, as the total particle deposition increases in proportion to minute ventilation, and the deposition fraction nearly doubles from rest to intense exercise.     

退化羊草草地生态恢复过程中大型土壤动物群落生态特征

选取吉林省大安市姜家甸草场天然羊草草地、一年生人工碱茅草地和一年生人工碱茅草地为研究样地，于2002与2003年7月份两次对样地进行野外采样。共捕获大型土壤动物3130只，分别隶属2门5纲10目13类。通过对比研究表明：土壤动物群落间个体密度有一定的差异，鞘翅同在各生境中都有较高个体密度分布，显示其是该草原地带大型土壤动物的特征性类群，土壤动物类群和个体数垂直分布表聚程度群落间有较大不同，土壤动物群落生物多样性存在空间分异。认为水肥干预可以增加土壤动物群落的生物多样性。DG多样性指数更适合表达不同演替阶段土壤动物群落的差异，大型土壤动物群落生物多样性能够指示退化草地生态系统恢复与重建过程。     

中国生物入侵的生态分布

生物入侵已被列为当今世界最为棘手的三大环境难题(生物入侵、全球气候变化和生境破坏)之一。文章阐述了我国生物入侵的现状，以时间和地理区域为尺度，初步探讨了生物入侵的生态分布特征。指出其特征是：生物入侵对生物多样性造成重大影响，入侵生物的数量逐年增加，具有时间动态性；生物入侵的分布具有纬度地带性规律，纬度越低生物入侵的现象越严重；入侵生物的数量具有地理区域性。     

耕作农场决策的环境和经济影响:一种综合建模方法

本文研究了耕作农场中自然环境和人类起源系统的相互依赖关系.动态模拟模型的方法论起源于环境系统分析和微型模拟的建模传统.这个模型复制了自然流(例如能源、原料、排放、产品)、作为决策者的农场主以及影响农场的结构状况之间的相互连接.运行模型的目的是为了回答:价格、津贴、农场主的环境观及其生产配置选择的能力的差别对盈利和环境的影响(例如温室气体的影响、富营养化、酸化和能源消耗)是什么?模型模拟的结果说明,例如,就经济表现而言,农场主可以从两个相对可持续的战略中选择,或者专注于有机生产(从而从更高津贴和输出价格中受益),或者专注于常规的耕作并使用杀虫剂和化肥(从而通过大量生产获益).关于环境影响,由于分配肥料使用的困难,因此在有机农业和常规农业之间没有明确的区别.这个发现本质上是和系统边界的选择相关的,文章对于系统边界也作了彻底充分的讨论.     

Accounting for large-scale factors in the study of understory vegetation using a conditional logistic model

Local-scale and large-scale factors can affect the presence of a species of understory vegetation in the forest. Local-scale factors may be the influence of surrounding trees, while climate and latitude are typically considered large-scale factors. A model for the presence of a species needs to take into account both scales. A conditional logistic model is proposed for those studies where only the local-scale factors are of interest and that avoids estimating the large-scale parameters. Conditioning is carried out by the number of quadrats in the plot where the vegetation is found. As the latter is a sufficient statistic for the large-scale factors, a model free from these parameters is obtained. Data gathered in the permanent sample plots of the 1985–1986 National Forest Inventory of Finland is used for illustration, where the local-scale factor of interest is the influence of the trees, quantified by an index based on the size and location of the trees. The model fitted to Vaccinium vitis-idaea showed a significant and positive influence of Scots pine on the presence of this species, while for Calamagrostis arundinacea, a decrease in the odds ratio was observed due to the influence of Norway spruce.     

Detection and mapping of water pollution variation in the Nile Delta using multivariate clustering and GIS techniques

The limited water resources of Egypt lead to widespread water-stress. Consequently, the use of marginal water sources, such as agricultural drainage waters, provides one of the national feasible solutions to the problem. However, the marginal quality of the drainage waters may restrict their use.The objective of this research is to develop a tool for planning and managing the reuse of agricultural drainage water for irrigation in the Nile Delta. This is achieved by classifying the pollution levels of drainage water into several categories using a statistical clustering approach that may ensure simple but accurate information about the pollution levels and water characteristics at any point within the drainage system.The derived clusters are then visualized by using a Geographical Information System (GIS) to draw thematic maps based on the entire Nile Delta, thus making GIS as a decision support system. The obtained maps may assist the decision makers in managing and controlling pollution in the Nile Delta regions. The clustering process also provides an effective overview of those spots in the Nile Delta where intensified monitoring activities are required. Consequently, the obtained results make a major contribution to the assessment and redesign of the Egyptian national water quality monitoring network.     

An analysis of China’s investment in the hydropower sector in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region

The Mekong River’s natural resources offer large benefits to its populations, but it also attracts the interest of foreign investors. Recently, Chinese firms, banks and government bodies have increasingly invested in large hydropower projects in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region. Due to China’s rapid economic growth, its rapid industrialisation and its limited domestic natural resources, the Chinese government has issued the ‘Going Out Strategy’ which promotes investments in overseas natural resources like water and energy resources. In search for climate-friendly low-carbon energy, cheap electricity and access to a growing market, Chinese institutions turn to Southeast Asia where Chinese institutions are currently involved in more than 50 on-going large hydropower projects as contractors, investors, regulators and financiers. These Chinese institutions have influence on environmental and social practices as well as on diplomatic and trade relations in the host countries. Currently, there are major gaps in understanding who is engaged, why, how and with what impacts. This paper therefore aims to assess the motives, actors, beneficiaries and the direct and indirect impacts of China’s investment in large hydropower projects in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region. The authors use the ‘Rising Powers Framework’ to assess these issues, which is an adapted version of the Asian Drivers Framework.