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21.
Steven N. Rogak Sheldon I. Green Ute Pott 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):545-552
ABSTRACT Pollutant measurements in traffic tunnels have been used to estimate motor-vehicle emissions for several decades. The objective in this type of study is to use the traffic tunnel as a tool for characterizing motor vehicles rather than seeking a tunnel design with acceptably low pollutant concentrations. In the past, very simple aerodynamic models have been used to relate measured concentrations to vehicle emissions. Typically, it is assumed that velocities and concentrations are uniform across the tunnel cross section. In the present work, a vehicle emitting a known amount of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was driven repeatedly through a 730-m-long traffic tunnel in Vancouver, Canada. Comparing the measured SF6 concentrations to the known emission rates, it is possible to directly assess the accuracy of the simple tunnel aerodynamic models typically used to interpret tunnel data. Correction factors derived from this procedure were then applied to measurements of carbon monoxide and other pollutants to obtain gram-per-kilometer emission factors for vehicles. Although the specific correction factors measured here are valid only for the tunnel tested, the magnitude of the factors (up to two or more) suggests that the phenomena observed here should be considered when interpreting data from other tunnels. 相似文献
22.
In order for soil resources to be sustainably managed, it is necessary to have reliable, valid data on the spatial distribution of their environmental impact. However, in practice, one often has to cope with spatial interpolation achieved from few data that show a skewed distribution and uncertain information about soil contamination. We present a case study with 76 soil samples taken from a site of 15 square km in order to assess the usability of information gleaned from sparse data. The soil was contaminated with cadmium predominantly as a result of airborne emissions from a metal smelter. The spatial interpolation applies lognormal anisotropic kriging and conditional simulation for log-transformed data. The uncertainty of cadmium concentration acquired through data sampling, sample preparation, analytical measurement, and interpolation is factor 2 within 68.3 % confidence. Uncertainty predominantly results from the spatial interpolation necessitated by low sampling density and spatial heterogeneity. The interpolation data are shown in maps presenting likelihoods of exceeding threshold values as a result of a lognormal probability distribution. Although the results are not deterministic, this procedure yields a quantified and transparent estimation of the contamination, which can be used to delineate areas for soil improvement, remediation, or restricted area use, based on the decision-makers probability safety requirement. 相似文献
23.
Land cover composition determinants in the Uckermark (NE Germany) over a 220-year period 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is broad consensus that land use/cover has changed in central Europe over millennia. However, few studies have addressed the roles of the anthropogenic (socio-economic) and natural (biophysical) factors driving these changes over shorter periods (e.g., 100 years). In this study, we analyse the determinants of land cover composition at three discrete time periods (c. 1780, 1890, and 2000). We hypothesise that different anthropogenic and natural factors are the determinants of the main land cover types (arable fields, grasslands, and forests) and that the effects of natural and anthropogenic factors on the main land cover types differ among landscapes with highly dynamic and more stable forest-open land distributions. The study was carried out in the Uckermark region located in northeastern Germany. We compiled data on natural and anthropogenic factors (e.g. forest cover and number of inhabitants) of 65 municipalities in four landscape sections of equal size (10 × 10 km). Landscape sections were selected to reflect different dynamics (high/low) in conversion from forest to arable fields or grasslands and vice versa from 1780 to 2000. Averaged linear mixed-effect models explained between 7.5 and 81.2 % of the variance. The unique effect of anthropogenic factors varied from 2.1 to 18.7 % and that of natural factors varied from 0.2 to 43.4 %. In four of six models that included both types of factors, the natural factors were more influential than the anthropogenic factors. Except in three cases, anthropogenic and natural factors showed opposite effects on land cover types in more dynamic and more stable windows. Though the Uckermark region has been influenced by human activity for thousands of years, natural factors were a major determinant of land cover composition during all time periods, whereas anthropogenic factors became more important only during the latest time period under investigation. 相似文献
24.
25.
Doak DF Estes JA Halpern BS Jacob U Lindberg DR Lovvorn J Monson DH Tinker MT Williams TM Wootton JT Carroll I Emmerson M Micheli F Novak M 《Ecology》2008,89(4):952-961
Ecological surprises, substantial and unanticipated changes in the abundance of one or more species that result from previously unsuspected processes, are a common outcome of both experiments and observations in community and population ecology. Here, we give examples of such surprises along with the results of a survey of well-established field ecologists, most of whom have encountered one or more surprises over the course of their careers. Truly surprising results are common enough to require their consideration in any reasonable effort to characterize nature and manage natural resources. We classify surprises as dynamic-, pattern-, or intervention-based, and we speculate on the common processes that cause ecological systems to so often surprise us. A long-standing and still growing concern in the ecological literature is how best to make predictions of future population and community dynamics. Although most work on this subject involves statistical aspects of data analysis and modeling, the frequency and nature of ecological surprises imply that uncertainty cannot be easily tamed through improved analytical procedures, and that prudent management of both exploited and conserved communities will require precautionary and adaptive management approaches. 相似文献
26.
A practical method for the quantification of total purgeable organic sulfur (POS) in highly contaminated groundwater is described.
Volatile organic sulfur compounds (VOSC) are purged from the water samples by a stream of oxygen and combusted. The emerging
sulfur dioxide is absorbed in H2O2 and converted to sulfate which is quantified by ion chromatography and reported as mass sulfur equivalent. The overall limit
of quantification is 0.03 mg l−1. The content of POS is balanced with the total VOSC determined by GC-AED after liquid–liquid extraction. Separate determination
of the non-volatile organic sulfur compounds by direct combustion of the water sample and adsorption to charcoal yielded a
mass balance of the total sulfur content. Semi-quantitative GC-MS after purge & trap accumulation revealed that the VOSC mixture
is composed of C1–C4 alkyl sulfides. The implementation of the developed methodology for the quantification of VOSC as potential catalyst poison
in a cleaning plant for groundwater contaminated with volatile haloorganics (VOX) is presented. 相似文献
27.
28.
Dorgerloh U Becker R Lutz A Bremser W Hilbert S Nehls I 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(1):217-223
The reliability in measurement results obtained during environmental monitoring is crucial for the assessment and further planning of remediation efforts on the respective contaminated sites by the responsible authorities. A case study concerned with groundwater contaminated with perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane including their degradation products which involves private contract laboratories and an independent provider of quality assurance (QA) is presented. The experience gained with biannual monitoring campaigns over 14 years indicates that the selection of contractors on basis of accreditation status and successful performance in interlaboratory comparisons are not sufficient. Rather the auditing of the contractors by the QA provider prior to each campaign and the crosschecking of selected monitoring samples by the QA provider led to a lasting improvement of reliability in the contractors' measurement results. A mean deviation of 20% from the reference value determined by the QA provider for the crosschecked samples was reached. 相似文献
29.
Controls on coarse wood decay in temperate tree species: birth of the LOGLIFE experiment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cornelissen JH Sass-Klaassen U Poorter L van Geffen K van Logtestijn RS van Hal J Goudzwaard L Sterck FJ Klaassen RK Freschet GT van der Wal A Eshuis H Zuo J de Boer W Lamers T Weemstra M Cretin V Martin R Ouden Jd Berg MP Aerts R Mohren GM Hefting MM 《Ambio》2012,41(Z3):231-245
Dead wood provides a huge terrestrial carbon stock and a habitat to wide-ranging organisms during its decay. Our brief review highlights that, in order to understand environmental change impacts on these functions, we need to quantify the contributions of different interacting biotic and abiotic drivers to wood decomposition. LOGLIFE is a new long-term 'common-garden' experiment to disentangle the effects of species' wood traits and site-related environmental drivers on wood decomposition dynamics and its associated diversity of microbial and invertebrate communities. This experiment is firmly rooted in pioneering experiments under the directorship of Terry Callaghan at Abisko Research Station, Sweden. LOGLIFE features two contrasting forest sites in the Netherlands, each hosting a similar set of coarse logs and branches of 10 tree species. LOGLIFE welcomes other researchers to test further questions concerning coarse wood decay that will also help to optimise forest management in view of carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. 相似文献
30.
Johannes H. C. Cornelissen Ute Sass-Klaassen Lourens Poorter Koert van Geffen Richard S. P. van Logtestijn Jurgen van Hal Leo Goudzwaard Frank J. Sterck René K. W. M. Klaassen Grégoire T. Freschet Annemieke van der Wal Henk Eshuis Juan Zuo Wietse de Boer Teun Lamers Monique Weemstra Vincent Cretin Rozan Martin Jan den Ouden Matty P. Berg Rien Aerts Godefridus M. J. Mohren Mariet M. Hefting 《Ambio》2012,41(3):231-245
Dead wood provides a huge terrestrial carbon stock and a habitat to wide-ranging organisms during its decay. Our brief review highlights that, in order to understand environmental change impacts on these functions, we need to quantify the contributions of different interacting biotic and abiotic drivers to wood decomposition. LOGLIFE is a new long-term ‘common-garden’ experiment to disentangle the effects of species’ wood traits and site-related environmental drivers on wood decomposition dynamics and its associated diversity of microbial and invertebrate communities. This experiment is firmly rooted in pioneering experiments under the directorship of Terry Callaghan at Abisko Research Station, Sweden. LOGLIFE features two contrasting forest sites in the Netherlands, each hosting a similar set of coarse logs and branches of 10 tree species. LOGLIFE welcomes other researchers to test further questions concerning coarse wood decay that will also help to optimise forest management in view of carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. 相似文献