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41.
An experiment was conducted to assess the role of different concentrations of dicyandiamide (DCD), a potent nitrification
inhibitor, on temporal changes in nitrous oxide emission from sandy loam agricultural soil. It was found that with increasing
concentration of DCD i.e. from 6 to 12% of nitrogen applied in the form of urea, there was a decrease in the both average
and peak N2O emissions. However, from 14% DCD treated soil, there was a non-significant alteration in the N2O emission. Maximum average N2O efflux of 217.55 μg m−2 h−1 was noted from control plots. As compared to control, there was an attenuation of 50, 58, 65, and 91% average N2O efflux from 6, 8, 10 and 12% DCD applied pots, respectively, whereas, there was a negative average of N2O efflux from the soil with 14% DCD treatment. The soil N content also showed a significant correlation with N2O emission. Therefore, 12% DCD treatment has been found to be the best with regard to attenuation of nitrous oxide from sandy
loam agricultural soils. 相似文献
42.
Soil, water and species diversity relationships are central components of the vegetation ecology. In this connection, the
present study was performed on the three sites within the campus of Banaras Hindu University of India, to relate herbaceous
species diversity to soil physical characteristic and the intensity of biotic interferences. At each site, three, 10 m × 10 m
plots were randomly established and within each plot, four quadrats each 50 cm × 50 cm were randomly placed for sampling.
For each quadrat, number of individuals and their herbage cover were recorded by species. Soil physical characteristics (soil
moisture, water-holding capacity, soil porosity and bulk density), elements of biotic interferences and α-diversity and its
components were determined for each plot. The plots were ordinated by Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS) using Importance
Value Indices of the component species. Results showed that the selected locations differed in terms of soil moisture and
species diversity parameters due to differences in biotic interferences. NMS ordination yielded three groups corresponding
to the three communities experiencing different intensity of land use. NMS axes were substantially related to the soil and
herbaceous diversity parameters and suggested that the elements of soil physical characteristics, intensity of biotic interferences
and regional herbaceous species pool had profound effect on the organization and determination of herbaceous floristic composition.
Further, the sample locations exhibiting greater soil moisture, water-holding capacity, soil porosity and lesser soil bulk
density harboured greater herbaceous diversity. A negative relationship between indices of species diversity and soil bulk
density revealed that the dry and compact soils due to greater biotic pressure contributed to the loss of species diversity.
Reduction in livestock numbers, grazing pressure and soil bulk density could be helpful in the promotion of soil quality and
species diversity. 相似文献
43.
There is an evidence that benzyl alcohols may exhibit toxicity via a radical mechanism. To test this possibility, we studied the toxicity of para substituted benzyl alcohols on rapidly dividing cancer cells (L1210 leukemia). This system has previously found utility in studying the apparent radical toxicity of a variety of phenols. However, no evidence could be found for an electronic effect and the cellular toxicity was associated primarily with hydrophobicity. Comparison of this quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) with others for the reactions of benzyl alcohols in diverse systems provides insight into mechanisms of action. A QSAR for the interaction of benzyl alcohols with protozoa yields an equation that is dependent on both hydrophobicity and acidity of the OH group versus a mixture of bacteria and fungi, the critical dependence on hydrophobicity prevails with a small dependence on a resonance-stabilized, radical mediated electronic effect. The chloramphenicols provide an instructive example, where the radical mediated electronic effect overshadows the hydrophobic contribution to bacterial toxicity. These various QSAR for benzyl alcohols indicate that mechanisms of growth inhibition in vitro vary depending on cell/organism type, the strength of the bond and lability of the hydrogen, and the strength of the initiating radical reagent. 相似文献
44.
The present study evaluated the potential of white-rot fungal strain Coriolus versicolor to decolorize five structurally di erent dyes
in sequential batch reactors under optimized conditions. The experiments were run continuously for seven cycles of 8 d each. High
decolorizing activity was observed even during the repeated reuse of the fungus, especially when the old medium was replaced with
fresh medium after every cycle. Biodegradation was the dominating factor as the fungus was able to produce the enzyme laccase mainly,
to mineralize synthetic dyes. The nutrients and composition of the medium played important roles in sustaining the decolorisation
potential of the fungus. Corncob was found be an easy and cheap substitute for carbon source for the fungus. Glucose consumption by
the fungus was in accordance to its decolorisation activity and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. 相似文献
45.
Batiha Gaber El-Saber Al-Gareeb Ali I. Qusti Safaa Alshammari Eida M. Kaushik Deepak Verma Ravinder Al-kuraishy Hayder M. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(29):43516-43531
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The immune system protects human health from the effects of pathogenic organisms; however, its activity is affected when individuals become infected.... 相似文献
46.
Verma Akanksha Gaharwar Usha Singh Priyadarshini Eepsita Rajamani Paulraj 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2022,29(6):8623-8637
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Wastewater application for irrigation is a traditional and economic tool in developing nations. Yet prolonged use of wastewater for agricultural... 相似文献
47.
Our previous study suggested that toxicokinetic parameters of fluoride were significantly changed on the 30th day as compared with 1st day, after repeated oral administration of sodium fluoride alone for 30 days in goats. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether aluminum sulfate has ameliorative effect on the toxicokinetics of fluoride. For this, sodium fluoride (20 mg kg?1 b. wt.) along with aluminum sulfate (150 mg kg?1 b. wt.) was administered in goats for 30 days to investigate its effect on toxicokinetics of fluoride on days 1 and 30. The fluoride levels against time were adequately described by one compartment open model. The peak plasma level of fluoride was observed at 2 h. The toxicokinetics data revealed a nonsignificant decrease in β (elimination rate constant) and C max (the maximum plasma concentration) and increase in t 1/2 K a (absorption half-lives), t 1/2 β (elimination half-lives), area under the plasma (AUC) concentration versus time curve and mean residence time (MRT) was observed for the last dose from their respective first dose values. On the basis of changes in the toxicokinetic parameters, it was concluded that repeated oral administration has cumulative effect on plasma fluoride level and concurrent oral administration of aluminum sulfate has ameliorative action on the toxicokinetics of fluoride in goats. 相似文献
48.
Wildlife conservation-related organisations increasingly employ new visual technologies in their science communication and public engagement efforts. Here, we examine the use of such technologies for wildlife conservation campaigns. We obtained empirical data from four UK-based organisations through semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Visual technologies were used to provide the knowledge and generate the emotional responses perceived by organisations as being necessary for motivating a sense of caring about wildlife. We term these two aspects ‘microscope’ and ‘spectacle’, metaphorical concepts denoting the duality through which these technologies speak to both the cognitive and the emotional. As conservation relies on public support, organisations have to be seen to deliver information that is not only sufficiently detailed and scientifically credible but also spectacular enough to capture public interest. Our investigation showed that balancing science and entertainment is a difficult undertaking for wildlife-related organisations as there are perceived risks of contriving experiences of nature and obscuring conservation aims. 相似文献
49.
Subhasis Biswas Vishal Verma James J. Schauer Constantinos Sioutas 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(11):1917-1925
Four heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) in six retrofitted configurations (CRT®, V-SCRT®, Z-SCRT®, Horizon, DPX and CCRT®) and a baseline vehicle operating without after--treatment were tested under cruise (50 mph), transient UDDS and idle driving modes. As a continuation of the work by Biswas et al. [Biswas, S., Hu, S., Verma, V., Herner, J., Robertson, W.J., Ayala, A., Sioutas, C., 2008. Physical properties of particulate matter (PM) from late model heavy-duty diesel vehicles operating with advanced emission control technologies. Atmospheric Environment 42, 5622–5634.] on particle physical parameters, this paper focuses on PM chemical characteristics (Total carbon [TC], Elemental carbon [EC], Organic Carbon [OC], ions and water-soluble organic carbon [WSOC]) for cruise and UDDS cycles only. Size-resolved PM collected by MOUDI–Nano-MOUDI was analyzed for TC, EC and OC and ions (such as sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, potassium, sodium and phosphate), while Teflon coated glass fiber filters from a high volume sampler were extracted to determine WSOC. The introduction of retrofits reduced PM mass emissions over 90% in cruise and 95% in UDDS. Similarly, significant reductions in the emission of major chemical constituents (TC, OC and EC) were achieved. Sulfate dominated PM composition in vehicle configurations (V-SCRT®-UDDS, Z-SCRT®-Cruise, CRT® and DPX) with considerable nucleation mode and TC was predominant for configurations with less (Z-SCRT®-UDDS) or insignificant (CCRT®, Horizon) nucleation. The transient operation increases EC emissions, consistent with its higher accumulation PM mode content. In general, solubility of organic carbon is higher (average ~5 times) for retrofitted vehicles than the baseline vehicle. The retrofitted vehicles with catalyzed filters (DPX, CCRT®) had decreased OC solubility (WSOC/OC: 8–25%) unlike those with uncatalyzed filters (SCRT®s, Horizon; WSOC/OC ~ 60–100%). Ammonium was present predominantly in the nucleation mode, indicating that ternary nucleation may be the responsible mechanism for formation of these particles. 相似文献
50.