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21.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina only 50% of the municipalities have a well-organized service for (mixed) waste collection and disposal. Illegal dumping is very common, in particular in rural areas, which are not regularly served by any service of collection. This situation leads to serious risks for public health and has dangerous environmental impacts. In Zavidovi?i the municipality is trying to meet high standards in the delivery of services of waste collection, but is constrained by scarce financial and technical resources. Different scenarios for the implementation of a system of separate collection in Zavidovi?i were elaborated in order to provide a useful tool for decision making by comparing costs and environmental & economic benefits of each scenario. Six scenarios were considered, based on different recovery rates for plastic, paper & cardboard, and metals. Benefits resulting from the implementation of each of the proposed scenarios are compared in terms of savings of landfill volume and costs. The study concludes that the adoption of a system of separate collection could generate positive impacts on all the stakeholders involved in the solid waste management sector in Zavidovi?i and could contribute to the compliance of European standards in many Central and Eastern European countries as established by a number of national environmental protection strategies.  相似文献   
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23.
This study investigates consequences of future changes to the provision of ecosystem services (ES) in the Romanian Carpathians. Two 2040 forest management scenarios were compared, using two indicators to describe the gains and losses of ES. Changes in landslide regulation potential were defined as changes to landslide susceptibility. High nature value grasslands characterized biodiversity support. The business as usual scenario results in a 8% lower loss of landslide regulation potential compared to the alternative scenario. It also results in a 29% higher regional net gain of landslide regulation potential. Both scenarios result in the loss of biodiversity support due to their prevalent transition of forest expansion. This type of information is crucial for informing decision makers on the locations of potential gains and losses of future development.  相似文献   
24.
Regional Environmental Change - Preparing for climate change represents a significant challenge to environmental managers and is influenced by their ability to access and use the latest...  相似文献   
25.
In the complex causation behind land change, dependent causation can play a central role. A case in point concerns land tenure diversity, where contrasting use rules for different lands may affect the impacts of other drivers on land use outcomes. We therefore evaluate the evolutionary theory of land rights (ETLR), which assumes homogeneous private property rights, in order to test for dependent causation due to distinct use rules among various types of private lands. In the present analysis, we focus on whether land tenure type modifies the effects of highway infrastructure on key outcomes highlighted in the ETLR framework. We take up the case of rural settlements along the Inter-Oceanic Highway in the eastern part of the Brazilian state of Acre, where there is considerable land tenure diversity. Findings from multivariate models for land titling, the castanha nut harvest, and cattle pasture all indicate that the effects of infrastructure depend on land tenure type. These results confirm the importance of dependent causation behind land use and bear implications for theory on land change, infrastructure impacts, and land system science.  相似文献   
26.
This paper considers the practical and intellectual challenges that attend efforts to integrate the social and natural sciences in environmental research, and the broader political, social and economic context in which this takes place. Based on the experiences of researchers in Australia—but with obvious relevance for researchers in many countries—it is the outcome of an interdisciplinary workshop which brought together social and natural scientists involved in environmental management. This event and the wider discussions that followed were initiated to enable researchers to exchange ideas about the obstacles to interdisciplinary collaboration, and to discuss ways to overcome these. The paper provides a summary of the issues and proposes some guidelines for interdisciplinary collaboration. These may be summarised as follows:
•  There is an overarching need to begin with—and maintain—intellectual, social and practical equalities throughout the entire research process.
•  There is a need, in the academe and in public discourse, for reflexive critiques of the conceptual models that are used to consider ‘the environment’, to challenge the dualism that separates and compartmentalises ‘nature’ as a kind of technical ecology.
•  Research design needs to begin with an in-depth discussion about theory, and efforts to ensure that all participants are able to make use of (or at least see where their research fits into) a model that conceptually integrates socio-cultural and biophysical complexities.
•  Participants need to have equal input into the design of all stages of the research: the key questions, the basic approach, and the kinds of methods, data and analysis that will be used.
•  Collaboration requires a significant amount of time to be spent in communication between the participants, so that all achieve at least a basic understanding of the types of theory, methods, data and analysis used by the others. Time and funding should be built into the process to enable this.
•  In major research projects, there is a case for employing someone with appropriate expertise, to facilitate the team’s internal communications and to liaise with potential research users.
•  Consideration should be given to the ‘profile’ of collaborative research projects, so that participants can feel confident that their disciplinary identities will not be denigrated, appropriated, or consumed by assimilation.
•  In developing timetables and budgets for research, there needs to be greater recognition of different temporal needs. Rather than imposing a schedule that reflects only some disciplinary timeframes, each disciplinary area should be allocated time and funds in accord with its particular temporal realities.
•  Interdisciplinary projects have to deal with types of data that are rarely comparable, and do not mesh readily. Collaborators should consider how their data will be managed and whether they can be incorporated into—or at least linked with—systemic schemes that will encourage integrative ways of managing and possibly reconceptualising their information.
•  Rather than being homogenised, the outputs of collaborative research should reflect the diverse needs and qualities of each of the disciplines involved. Consideration should therefore be given to whether (and how) outputs will be integrated or at least positioned to inform and complement each other
•  Project designers should be bold in allocating realistic amounts of time and funds to support the kinds of changes in research design that will lead to successful interdisciplinary collaborations.
In collaboration with a range of social and natural scientists. The workshop that initiated this paper was attended by the following researchers and resource managers: Eva Abal (Natural scientist, Scientific Coordinator, Healthy Waterways, Queensland) Lyn Aitkin (at the time of the workshop, Senior Natural Resource Officer, Queensland Government, Natural Resources and Mines, now Policy and Research Coordinator with the Department of Justice and Attorney-General) John Bradley (Anthropologist, Monash University) Leah Burns (Anthropologist, Griffith University) Elaine Green (Geologist, Healthy Waterways Liaison Officer, Queensland) Lesley Jolly (Anthropologist, University of Queensland) Geoff Lawrence (Sociologist, University of Queensland) Helen Ross (Interdisciplinary Social Scientist, University of Queensland) Marie Seeman (Post-graduate student, University of Western Australia) Veronica Strang (Anthropologist, University of Auckland) Franca Tamisari (Anthropologist, University of Queensland) Sandy Toussaint (Anthropologist, University of Western Australia) Though the following were not at the workshop, they also provided informal input to the discussion: Karen Bakker (Assistant Professor of Geography, University of British Colombia) Damien Burrows (Freshwater biologist, James Cook University) Susie Chapman (Queensland Government, Natural Resources and Mines Community Support Officer) Allan Dale (Queensland Government, Natural Resources and Mines, General Manager of Regional NRM Taskforce) Steve Dawson (Environmental Scientist, Northern Gulf Regional Management Group) Michael Digby (Land and Sea Management Coordinator, Northern Gulf Regional Management Group) Ruth Dow (Queensland Government, Natural Resources and Mines, Policy Officer, Water Planning) Jim Fewings (Environmental Protection Agency) Stephanie Hogan (Geologist, Queensland Government, Natural Resources and Mines) Brad Jorgenson (Psychologist, University of Queensland) Rob Lait (Hydrogeologist, Australasian Groundwater and Environmental Consultants) Annette Magee (Policy Officer, Water Planning, Brisbane City Council) Mark O’Donahue (South-East Queensland Water Corporation/Healthy Waterways, Queensland) Annie Ross (Archaeologist/Anthropologist, University of Queensland) Jenifer Simpson (Researcher, Conservationist, Queensland) Viv Sinnamon (Geographer/Anthropologist and Community Support Officer, Burnett-Mary Regional Group for Natural Resource Management) Michael Strong (Archaeologist, Consultant, ‘Archaeo’, Brisbane) John Tisdall (Economist, Griffith University) Robin Trotter (Historian, Griffith University) Adrian Volders (Executive Officer, Natural Resource Management, South-East Queensland) Richard Walton (Hydrologist, WRM Water and Environment, Brisbane) Ian Webb (Environmental scientist, Northern Gulf Regional Management Group). Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.
Veronica StrangEmail:
  相似文献   
27.
After 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, which hit and devastated several Countries in Southeast Asia, University of Brescia and Mahidol University started a project on water monitoring and treatment for drinking purposes in Takua Pa district (Thailand), the most damaged by the tsunami. In particular, this paper presents the results of a study conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Takua Pa drinking water treatment plant and to identify actions that could be adopted to improve its performances. The results show that, even if the effluent usually meets Thai guide values, except for pH which is already too acid in the influent, the plant needs several structural and managerial improvements, such as filtration and sedimentation upgrade, coagulation/flocculation and final disinfection re-organization, use of proper registers to better plan and control employees activities. Moreover, it was determined that water quality in the distribution network is characterized by turbidity and organic matter values higher than those evaluated in the plant effluent.  相似文献   
28.
Sodium bisulfate (SBS) is extensively used in the poultry industry to reduce ammonia and bacterial levels in litter. It is also used in the dairy industry to reduce bacterial counts in bedding and ammonia emissions, preventing environmental mastitis and calf respiratory stress. The present study measured the effect of SBS on the air emission of ammonia, amine, and alcohol from a dairy slurry mix. Amine flux was undetectable (<5 ng L(-1)) across treatments. Application of SBS decreased ammonia, methanol, and ethanol emissions from fresh dairy slurry. Ammonia emissions decreased with increasing levels of SBS treatment. The 3-d average ammonia flux from the control (no SBS applied) and the three different SBS surface application levels of 0.125, 0.250, and 0.375 kg m(-2) were 513.4, 407.2, 294.8, and 204.5 mg h(-1) m(-2), respectively. The ammonia emission reduction potentials were 0, 21, 43, and 60%, respectively. Methanol and ethanol emissions decreased with an increase in the amount of SBS applied. The 3-d average methanol emissions were 223.7, 178.0, 131.6, and 87.0 mg h(-1) m(-2) for SBS surface application level of 0, 0.125, 0.250, and 0.375 kg m(-2), with corresponding reduction potentials of 0, 20, 41, and 61, respectively. Similar emission reduction potentials of 0, 18, 35, and 58% were obtained for ethanol. Sodium bisulfate was shown to be effective in the mitigation of ammonia and alcohol emissions from fresh dairy slurry.  相似文献   
29.
Productivity of mangrove ecosystems is compromised by anthropogenic activities including over-exploitation of wood. This study set out to understand how different wood harvesting regimes have affected the biodiversity of a tropical ecosystem and to identify relationships between the heavy metal concentrations in the mangrove sediments and tree felling. Soil samples were collected and plant diversity studies carried out on seven sites in the mangrove. Physico-chemical, chemical and mineralogical analyses were done on soil samples and plant population structure, species richness, evenness and diversity index at these sites were calculated. Results showed that soils across sites were characteristically clayey and acidic, with high organic matter content. Minerals identified included quartz, gibbsite, goethite, hematite and kaolinite. Heavy metal concentrations were higher in Sites 6 and 7 with a longer history of anthropogenic activity. There were strong negative correlations between the duration of logging and NO3-N (r = ?0.838, p = 0.019), total N (r = ?0.837, p = 0.019), NH4 +-N (r = ?0.844, p = 0.017), Mg = (?0.789, p = 0.035), K (r = ?0.819, p = 0.024), and Na (r = ?0.988, p = 0.002). Sites which had experienced logging for longer periods (sites 3, 6, and 7) had lower nutrient content and lower values for species richness and diversity index. Logging in mangrove ecosystems could alter soil characteristics, decreasing plant diversity and abundance. Logging dynamics around mangrove ecosystems should be considered in the wider strategy for management and conservation of similar mangrove ecosystems.  相似文献   
30.
A growing number of studies conducted on diverse taxa have shown that extra-pair/group paternity is higher than what would be predicted from behavioral observations alone. While it may be beneficial for females to mate with multiple males, this often results in offspring not sired by the behavioral father, which could influence offspring survival, especially in social mammals. Feral horses (Equus caballus) maintain stable social relationships over several years, usually with one stallion defending a harem band of unrelated mares against other males. Sneak copulations by subordinate males have been observed and mares sometimes change bands, both of which can result in foals sired by males other than the dominant band stallion. We measured female fidelity in free-ranging feral horses in 23 bands, with 51 foals over four foaling seasons and tested offspring paternity against parental behaviors. We used 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci and the program CERVUS 2.0 to determine and exclude potential sires. The majority of mares remained in the band with the sire of their foal resulting in most foals being sired by the band stallion. Most foals that were not sired by the band stallion were born in the year after a round-up and we could not determine if they were the result of band changing or sneak copulations. Foals born into a band without their sire had lower survival rates and mothers were significantly more protective of foals not sired by the band stallion. These findings suggest that band stability increases the reproductive success of mares and support the importance of infanticide risk in equid social structure.  相似文献   
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