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111.
Pernilla Christensen Anna Hedström Ringvall 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(9):7279-7293
The National Inventory of Landscapes in Sweden (NILS) is a large-scale, sample-based monitoring program that combines aerial photointerpretation with field inventory to follow landscape-scale biophysical conditions and changes. A statistical power analysis was conducted before the NILS program began in 2003 with the aim to determine an appropriate sampling effort and compare some design alternatives. The chosen sampling effort was then evaluated in a second power analysis conducted just before the first 5-year re-inventory rotation started. The latter power analysis revealed which magnitude of actual change might be detected within the future for different central monitoring variables. This article reports results from these power analyses and discusses our experiences in using power analysis as a tool for designing large-scale monitoring programs. The results showed that even quite small changes in the more common variables, such as land cover types and more common plant species, can be detected on the national scale. However, on the regional scale, or for less common variables, changes will be more difficult to detect. The power analyses have revealed the size level of changes that will be possible to detect. The results have also generated incentives for further improvements of NILS, e.g., input to the modification and revision of the variable content, flow and hierarchy, and incentives for launching other complementary monitoring programs connected to NILS. They have also created a basis for a better and more user-oriented communication of results from NILS to different stakeholders. 相似文献
112.
Frans-Jan W. Parmentier Torben R. Christensen Søren Rysgaard Jørgen Bendtsen Ronnie N. Glud Brent Else Jacobus van Huissteden Torsten Sachs Jorien E. Vonk Mikael K. Sejr 《Ambio》2017,46(1):53-69
The current downturn of the arctic cryosphere, such as the strong loss of sea ice, melting of ice sheets and glaciers, and permafrost thaw, affects the marine and terrestrial carbon cycles in numerous interconnected ways. Nonetheless, processes in the ocean and on land have been too often considered in isolation while it has become increasingly clear that the two environments are strongly connected: Sea ice decline is one of the main causes of the rapid warming of the Arctic, and the flow of carbon from rivers into the Arctic Ocean affects marine processes and the air–sea exchange of CO2. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of the arctic terrestrial and marine carbon cycle, connections in between, and how this complex system is affected by climate change and a declining cryosphere. Ultimately, better knowledge of biogeochemical processes combined with improved model representations of ocean–land interactions are essential to accurately predict the development of arctic ecosystems and associated climate feedbacks. 相似文献
113.
The diffusive release of o-xylene from two soils with different contents of organic carbon (1.1 % and 0.11 % TOC) and with two different water contents (app. 5 % w/w and 15 % w/w was studied in the laboratory. The soils were spiked with o-xylene in the laboratory. The fluxes were measured over a period of 24 hours. The measured fluxes were compared to predictions by two models. Model I, which is an analytical model, assumed instant local equilibrium between soil air, water and solids. The distribution coefficients were measured for the two soils, and Henry's constant and the diffusion coefficient in air were taken from the literature. This model overestimated the flux for o-xylene for all the tested combinations. The ratios between estimated and observed fluxes at 1 h were between 1.7 and 7.3. Model II assumed that the mass transfer of o-xylene between the solids and the water phase was kinetically controlled and was solved numerically. However, the predictions by the more advanced model were not significantly better than the prediction by the simple analytical model. The results indicate that prediction of o-xylene volatilisation from unsaturated soil is associated with substantial uncertainty. 相似文献
114.
S. Christensen P. Ambus J.R.M. Arah H. Clayton B. Galle D.W.T. Griffith K.J. Hargreaves L. Klenzedtsson A.-M. Lind M. Maag A. Scott U. Skiba K.A. Smith M. Welling F.G. Wienhold 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1996,30(24):4183-4190
The soil in a drained fjord area, reclaimed for arable farming, produced N2O mainly at 75–105 cm depth, just above the ground water level. Surface emissions of N2O were measured from discrete small areas by closed and open-flow chamber methods, using gas chromatographic analysis and over larger areas by integrative methods: flux gradient (analysis by FTIR), conditional sampling (analysis by TDLAS), and eddy covariance (analysis by TDLAS). The mean emission of N2O as determined by chamber procedures during a 9-day campaign was 162–202 μg N2ONm−2h−1 from a wheat stubble and 328–467 μg N2ONm−2 h−1 from a carrot field. The integrative approaches gave N2O emissions of 149–495 μg N2ONm−2 h−1, i.e. a range similar to those determined with the chamber methods. Wind direction affected the comparison of chamber and integrative methods because of patchiness of the N2O emission over the area. When a uniform area with a single type of vegetation had a dominant effect on the N2O gradient at the sampling mast, the temporal variation in N2O emission determined by the flux gradient/FTIR method and chamber methods was very similar, with differences of only 18% or less in mean N2O emission, well below the variation encountered with the chamber methods themselves. A detailed comparison of FTIR gradient and chamber data taking into account the precise emission footprint showed good agreement. It is concluded that there was no bias between the different approaches used to measure the N2O emission and that the precision of the measurements was determined by the spatial variability of the N2O emission at the site and the variability inherent in the individual techniques. These results confirm that measurements of N2O emissions from different ecosystems obtained by the different methods can be meaningfully compared. 相似文献
115.
Callaghan TV Björn LO Chernov Y Chapin T Christensen TR Huntley B Ims RA Johansson M Jolly D Jonasson S Matveyeva N Panikov N Oechel W Shaver G 《Ambio》2004,33(7):398-403
At the last glacial maximum, vast ice sheets covered many continental areas. The beds of some shallow seas were exposed thereby connecting previously separated landmasses. Although some areas were ice-free and supported a flora and fauna, mean annual temperatures were 10-13 degrees C colder than during the Holocene. Within a few millennia of the glacial maximum, deglaciation started, characterized by a series of climatic fluctuations between about 18,000 and 11,400 years ago. Following the general thermal maximum in the Holocene, there has been a modest overall cooling trend, superimposed upon which have been a series of millennial and centennial fluctuations in climate such as the "Little Ice Age spanning approximately the late 13th to early 19th centuries. Throughout the climatic fluctuations of the last 150,000 years, Arctic ecosystems and biota have been close to their minimum extent within the most recent 10,000 years. They suffered loss of diversity as a result of extinctions during the most recent large-magnitude rapid global warming at the end of the last glacial stage. Consequently, Arctic ecosystems and biota such as large vertebrates are already under pressure and are particularly vulnerable to current and projected future global warming. Evidence from the past indicates that the treeline will very probably advance, perhaps rapidly, into tundra areas, as it did during the early Holocene, reducing the extent of tundra and increasing the risk of species extinction. Species will very probably extend their ranges northwards, displacing Arctic species as in the past. However, unlike the early Holocene, when lower relative sea level allowed a belt of tundra to persist around at least some parts of the Arctic basin when treelines advanced to the present coast, sea level is very likely to rise in future, further restricting the area of tundra and other treeless Arctic ecosystems. The negative response of current Arctic ecosystems to global climatic conditions that are apparently without precedent during the Pleistocene is likely to be considerable, particularly as their exposure to co-occurring environmental changes (such as enhanced levels of UV-B, deposition of nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere, heavy metal and acidic pollution, radioactive contamination, increased habitat fragmentation) is also without precedent. 相似文献
116.
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118.
B. A. Christensen Peter W. Bush 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1971,7(2):273-284
Interbasin water transfer is often accomplished by tunnel systems discharging the water from subreservoirs into a main reservoir. Such a system involving an arbitrary number of reservoirs is considered and an iterative method is developed for the determination of all tunnel sizes giving minimum total cost of the system when the individual discharges from the subreservoirs and elevations of the water surfaces of all reservoirs are known. It is assumed that all tunnels are flowing full. Influence of average construction cost per unit volume as well as tunnel roughness and cross-sectional shape is taken into consideration. The corresponding computer program for the general case is presented. The method may also be adapted to pipe systems, open channel systems, or combined systems by introduction of the proper cost functions for these conduits. 相似文献
119.
Sokratis Papaspyrou Trine Gregersen Erik Kristensen Bjarne Christensen Raymond P. Cox 《Marine Biology》2006,148(3):541-550
The effects of infaunal mode of life on sediment properties, microbial reaction rates, as well as abundance and composition
of bacterial communities were studied in sediment surrounding burrows (mucus lining, oxidised wall, ambient anoxic and surface
sediment) of two closely related, but behaviourally different, nereidid polychaete worms: the facultative suspension-feeder
Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor and the obligate deposit-feeder Nereis (Neanthes) virens. Burrow sediment of the two species was collected from two adjacent (50 m distance) shallow sandy locations (Kertinge Nor,
Denmark). The burrow lining and wall of both polychaete species were enriched in organic matter originating from mucous secretions
by the inhabitants and phytoplankton trapped through irrigation. This was more evident for N. diversicolor that shows a significantly higher irrigation rate than N. virens. Both the organic matter mineralisation rates (based on anaerobic incubations) and bacterial abundance were higher along
the burrow linings and walls. However, accumulation of porewater TCO2 and dissolved organic carbon in sediments adjacent to burrows increased most rapidly in the presence of N. diversicolor, suggesting higher heterotrophic activity associated with this species. Surprisingly, bacterial abundance was lower around
burrows of N. diversicolor than those from N. virens indicating that burrow environments from the first species harbour a more active bacterial community. Molecular fingerprints
of the 16S rRNA gene from bacterial communities showed that the composition of the burrow linings and walls resembled the
ambient anoxic sediment rather than the oxic sediment surface. On the other hand, the bacterial fingerprints of the sediment
surrounding the burrows of the two polychaete species were markedly different suggesting either a site-specific difference
in sediment parameters or a significant species-specific impact of the burrow inhabitants. 相似文献
120.
Effects of changes in climate on landscape and regional processes, and feedbacks to the climate system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Callaghan TV Björn LO Chernov Y Chapin T Christensen TR Huntley B Ims RA Johansson M Jolly D Jonasson S Matveyeva N Panikov N Oechel W Shaver G Schaphoff S Sitch S 《Ambio》2004,33(7):459-468
Biological and physical processes in the Arctic system operate at various temporal and spatial scales to impact large-scale feedbacks and interactions with the earth system. There are four main potential feedback mechanisms between the impacts of climate change on the Arctic and the global climate system: albedo, greenhouse gas emissions or uptake by ecosystems, greenhouse gas emissions from methane hydrates, and increased freshwater fluxes that could affect the thermohaline circulation. All these feedbacks are controlled to some extent by changes in ecosystem distribution and character and particularly by large-scale movement of vegetation zones. Indications from a few, full annual measurements of CO2 fluxes are that currently the source areas exceed sink areas in geographical distribution. The little available information on CH4 sources indicates that emissions at the landscape level are of great importance for the total greenhouse balance of the circumpolar North. Energy and water balances of Arctic landscapes are also important feedback mechanisms in a changing climate. Increasing density and spatial expansion of vegetation will cause a lowering of the albedo and more energy to be absorbed on the ground. This effect is likely to exceed the negative feedback of increased C sequestration in greater primary productivity resulting from the displacements of areas of polar desert by tundra, and areas of tundra by forest. The degradation of permafrost has complex consequences for trace gas dynamics. In areas of discontinuous permafrost, warming, will lead to a complete loss of the permafrost. Depending on local hydrological conditions this may in turn lead to a wetting or drying of the environment with subsequent implications for greenhouse gas fluxes. Overall, the complex interactions between processes contributing to feedbacks, variability over time and space in these processes, and insufficient data have generated considerable uncertainties in estimating the net effects of climate change on terrestrial feedbacks to the climate system. This uncertainty applies to magnitude, and even direction of some of the feedbacks. 相似文献