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251.
Simon Garnier Aurélie Guérécheau Maud Combe Vincent Fourcassié Guy Theraulaz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(8):1167-1179
We experimentally investigated both individual and collective behavior of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile as they crossed symmetrical and asymmetrical bifurcations in gallery networks. Ants preferentially followed the branch that
deviated the least from their current direction and their probability to perform a U-turn after a bifurcation increased with
the turning angle at the bifurcation. At the collective level, colonies were better able to find the shortest path that linked
the nest to a food source in a polarized network where bifurcations were symmetrical from one direction and asymmetrical from
the other than in a network where all bifurcations were symmetrical. We constructed a model of individual behavior and showed
that an individual’s preference for the least deviating path will be amplified via the ants’ mass recruitment mechanism thus
explaining the difference found between polarized and non-polarized networks. The foraging efficiency measured in the simulations
was three times higher in polarized than in non-polarized networks after only 15 min. We conclude that measures of transport
network efficiency must incorporate both the structural properties of the network and the behavior of the network users. 相似文献
252.
The foraging ecology of coastal bottlenose dolphins based on stable isotope mixing models and behavioural sampling 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jeremy J. Kiszka Paula Méndez-Fernandez Michael R. Heithaus Vincent Ridoux 《Marine Biology》2014,161(4):953-961
Understanding trophic interactions is critical for elucidating ecological roles of marine predators. We used behavioural observations and stable isotope mixing models to investigate the feeding ecology of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in the lagoon of Mayotte (East Africa). We identified prey during 77 % of 54 observed feeding events, observed in both rainy (61 % of events) and dry (39 %) seasons. Caranx melampygus and Gnathanodon speciosus were involved in 67 % of these events, with Tylosurus crocodilus (20 %) and Mugil cephalus (13 %) also consumed. Mixing models, based on δ13C and δ15N values of skin and blubber (n = 30 samples for both tissues), suggest that behavioural observations are representative of general feeding patterns. Indeed, C. melampygus and T. crocodilus (G. speciosus could not be included in models) were estimated to contribute most to dolphin diets, with mean estimated contributions of 44.6 % (±18.9) and 48.1 % (±19.1) for skin and 73.7 % (±14.9) and 16.9 % (±12.4) for blubber, respectively. Our results highlight the value of two independent methods (stable isotopes and behavioural observations) to assess prey preferences of free-ranging dolphins. 相似文献
253.
Tian-Tian Xiong Thibaut Leveque Annabelle Austruy Sylvaine Goix Eva Schreck Vincent Dappe Sophie Sobanska Yann Foucault Camille Dumat 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2014,36(5):897-909
At the global scale, high concentrations of particulate matter (PM) enriched with metal(loid)s are currently observed in the atmosphere of urban areas. Foliar lead uptake was demonstrated for vegetables exposed to airborne PM. Our main objective here was to highlight the health risk associated with the consumption of vegetables exposed to foliar deposits of PM enriched with the various metal(loid)s frequently observed in the atmosphere of urban areas (Cd, Sb, Zn and Pb). Leaves of mature cabbage and spinach were exposed to manufactured mono-metallic oxide particles (CdO, Sb2O3 and ZnO) or to complex process PM mainly enriched with lead. Total and bioaccessible metal(loid) concentrations were then measured for polluted vegetables and the various PM used as sources. Finally, scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis was used to study PM–phyllosphere interactions. High quantities of Cd, Sb, Zn and Pb were taken up by the plant leaves. These levels depended on both the plant species and nature of the PM, highlighting the interest of acquiring data for different plants and sources of exposure in order to better identify and manage health risks. A maximum of 2 % of the leaf surfaces were covered with the PM. However, particles appeared to be enriched in stomatal openings, with up to 12 % of their area occupied. Metal(loid) bioaccessibility was significantly higher for vegetables compared to PM sources, certainly due to chemical speciation changes. Taken together, these results confirm the importance of taking atmospheric PM into account when assessing the health risks associated with ingestion of vegetables grown in urban vegetable crops or kitchen gardens. 相似文献
254.
Karsten Suhre Vincent Crassier Cline Mari Robert Rosset Doug W. Johnson Simon Osborne Robert Wood Meinrat O. Andreae Brian Bandy Timothy S. Bates Steven Businger Christian Gerbig Frank Raes Jochen Rudolph 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2000,34(29-30)
Three Lagrangian experiments were conducted during IGAC's second aerosol characterization experiment (ACE-2) in the area between Portugal, Tenerife and Madeira in June/July 1997. During each Lagrangian experiment, a boundary layer air mass was followed for about 30 h, and the temporal evolution of its chemical and aerosol composition was documented by a series of vertical profiles and horizontal box pattern flown by the Meteorological Research Flight research aircraft Hercules C130. The wealth of observational data that has been collected during these three Lagrangian experiments is the basis for the development and testing of a one-dimensional Lagrangian boundary layer model with coupled gas, aqueous, and aerosol phase chemistry. The focus of this paper is on current model limitations and strengths. We show that the model is able to represent the dynamical and chemical evolution of the marine boundary layer, in some cases requiring adjustments of the subsidence velocity and of the surface heat fluxes. Entrainment of a layer rich in ozone and carbon monoxide from a residual continental boundary layer into the marine boundary layer as well as in-cloud oxidation of sulphur dioxide by hydrogen peroxide are simulated, and coherent results are obtained, concerning the evolution of the small, presumably sulphate–ammonia aerosol mode. 相似文献
255.
Barbara R. Sheedy Vincent R. Mattson Julie S. Cox Patricia A. Kosian Gary L. Phipps Gerald T. Ankley 《Chemosphere》1998,36(15):3061-3070
Tissue residues of the PAHs, anthracene, fluorene, fluoranthene and pyrene were determined in Lumbriculus variegatus at four time intervals during both a 96-h exposure period to monitor uptake, and a 96-h clean water period to assess depuration. Mean BCFs were 2390, 1210, 452 and 1920 for fluoranthene, anthracene, fluorene and pyrene, respectively. BCFs were positively correlated with the octanol/water partition coefficient values of the four PAHs. Depuration occurred most rapidly for fluorene, followed by anthracene and fluoranthene. No apparent depuration of pyrene was observed during the 96-h depuration period. Because of rapid depuration of some PAHs, it appears that the 24 h clean water gut clearance period recommended in conjunction with sediment bioaccumulation tests with L. variegatus has potential to result in an under-estimation of bioaccumulation of some chemicals. 相似文献
256.
Woody shrub encroachment severely impacts on the hydrological and erosion response of rangelands and abandoned cultivated
lands. These processes have been widely investigated at various spatial scales, using mostly field experimentation. The present
study used remote sensing to investigate spatial and temporal patterns of soil erosion and encroachment by a woody shrub species,
Pteronia
incana, in a catchment in Ngqushwa district, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa between 1998 and 2008. The extreme categories of
soil erosion and shrub encroachment were mapped with higher accuracy than the intermediate ones, particularly where lower
spatial resolution data were used. The results showed that soil erosion in the worst category increased simultaneously with
dense woody shrub encroachment on the hill slopes. This trend is related to the spatial patterning of woody shrub vegetation
that increases bare soil patches—leading to runoff connectivity and concentration of overland flow. The major changes in soil
erosion and shrub encroachment analysed during the 10-year period took place in the 5–9° slope category and on the concave
slope form. Multi-temporal analyses, based on remote sensing, can extend our understanding of the dynamics of soil erosion
and woody shrub encroachment. They may help benchmark the processes and assist in upscaling field studies. 相似文献
257.
Research on the benefits of local ecological knowledge for conservation lacks empirical data on the pathways through which
local knowledge might affect natural resources management. We test whether ethnobotanical skills, a proxy for local ecological
knowledge, are associated to the clearance of forest through their interaction with agricultural labor. We collected information
from men in a society of gatherers–horticulturalist, the Tsimane’ (Bolivia). Data included a baseline survey, a survey of
ethnobotanical skills (n = 190 men), and two surveys on agricultural labor inputs (n = 466 plots). We find a direct effect of ethnobotanical skills in lowering the extent of forest cleared in fallow but not
in old-growth forest. We also find that the interaction between ethnobotanical skills and labor invested in shifting cultivation
has opposite effects depending on whether the clearing is done in old-growth or fallow forest. We explain the finding in the
context of Tsimane’ increasing integration to the market economy. 相似文献
258.
Vincent Y. Seaman Deborah H. Bennett Thomas M. Cahill 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(39):6199-6204
Acrolein (2-propenal) is a common constituent of both indoor and outdoor air, can exacerbate asthma in children, and may contribute to other chronic lung diseases. Recent studies have found high indoor levels of acrolein and other carbonyls compared to outdoor ambient concentrations. Heated cooking oils produce considerable amounts of acrolein, thus cooking is likely an important source of indoor acrolein. A series of cooking experiments were conducted to determine the emission rates of acrolein and other volatile carbonyls for different types of cooking oils (canola, soybean, corn and olive oils) and deep-frying different food items. Similar concentrations and emission rates of carbonyls were found when different vegetable oils were used to deep-fry the same food product. The food item being deep-fried was generally not a significant source of carbonyls compared to the cooking oil. The oil cooking events resulted in high concentrations of acrolein that were in the range of 26.4–64.5 μg m?3. These concentrations exceed all the chronic regulatory exposure limits and many of the acute exposure limits. The air exchange rate and the decay rate of the carbonyls were monitored to estimate the half-life of the carbonyls. The half-life for acrolein was 14.4 ± 2.6 h, which indicates that indoor acrolein concentrations can persist for considerable time after cooking in poorly-ventilated homes. 相似文献
259.
Long-Term Variability in Bioassessments: A Twenty-Year Study from Two Northern California Streams 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Long-term variability of bioassessments has not been well evaluated. We analyzed a 20-year data set (1984–2003) from four
sites in two northern California streams to examine the variability of bioassessment indices (two multivariate RIVPACS-type
O/E scores and one multimetric index of biotic integrity, IBI), as well as eight metrics. All sites were sampled in spring;
one site was also sampled in summer. Variability among years was high for most metrics (coefficients of variation, CVs ranging
from 16% to 246% in spring) but lower for indices (CVs of 22–26% for the IBI and 21–32% for O/E scores in spring), which resulted
in inconsistent assessments of biological condition. Variance components analysis showed that the time component explained
variability in all metrics and indices, ranging from 5% to 35% of total variance explained. The site component was large (i.e.,
>40%) for some metrics (e.g., EPT richness), but nearly absent from others (e.g., Diptera richness). Seasonal analysis at
one site showed that variability among seasons was small for some metrics or indices (e.g., Coleoptera richness), but large
for others (e.g., EPT richness, O/E scores). Climatic variables did not show consistent trends across all metrics, although
several were related to the El Ni?o Southern Oscillation Index at some sites. Bioassessments should incorporate temporal variability
during index calibration or include climatic variability as predictive variables to improve accuracy and precision. In addition,
these approaches may help managers anticipate alterations in reference streams caused by global climate change and high climatic
variability. 相似文献
260.
Tipping E Vincent CD Lawlor AJ Lofts S 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):936-943
Metal accumulation by aquatic bryophytes was investigated using data for headwater streams of differing chemistry. The Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM) was applied to calculate chemical speciation, including competitive proton and metal interactions with external binding sites on the plants. The speciation modelling approach gives smaller deviations between observed and predicted bryophyte contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb than regressions based on total filtered metal concentrations. If all four metals, and Ni, are considered together, the WHAM predictions are superior at the 1% level. Optimised constants for bryophyte binding by the trace metals are similar to those for humic substances and simple carboxylate ligands. Bryophyte contents of Na, Mg and Ca are approximately explained by binding at external sites, while most of the K is intracellular. Oxide phases account for some of the Al, and most of the Mn, Fe and Co. 相似文献