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91.
The public provision of outdoor recreation necessitates the development of nonmarket measures of the value of resources in recreational use. Such values can be used as surrogates for market values in the decision-making process. Another aspect of recreation as a publicly provided good is the absence of a mechanism to eliminate automatically excess demand. The absence of such a mechanism has resulted in conditions of excess demand at many recreation sites.This paper deduces the implications of excess demand for the travel cost method of benefit estimation. We show that when excess demand results in rationing at a particular site, the travel cost method will underestimate the true benefits of the site. The results are important because they help identify the direction of bias of one measure of the benefits from the use of a natural resource. 相似文献
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Philip H Byer Chi Phuong Hoang Thi Thuc Thuy Nguyen Sangeeta Chopra Virginia Maclaren Murray Haight 《Waste management & research》2006,24(5):465-472
In Da Nang and Ha Long, Vietnam and in Vientiane, Laos, there was interest by local authorities in separating and composting waste in order to reduce environmental and health problems at the local landfills and to produce a soil conditioner for local agricultural use. To assist in the planning of composting projects, three studies were carried out to estimate waste quantities and composition. 1. A 9-day audit of waste from 45 vendors in a market in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. The total quantity of waste and the quantity in each of nine categories were estimated for each of six different types of vendors. 2. A 7-day audit of waste disposed by three hotels in the tourist area of Ha Long, Vietnam. Waste quantities were estimated in total, on a per guest basis, and in three main categories: compostables, recyclables and miscellaneous. 3. A 7-day audit of waste collected from 74 households in Da Nang, the fourth largest city in Vietnam. Waste from each household was separated into compostable and non-compostable waste. Over 60% of each waste source comprised compostable waste and this was considered significant enough to warrant further planning of composting operations. 相似文献
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Virginia A. Kowal Amelie Schmolke Rajapandian Kanagaraj Douglas Bruggeman 《Environmental management》2014,53(3):594-605
The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) is protected by conservation policy throughout its range. Efforts to protect the species from further decline demand detailed understanding of its habitat requirements, which have not yet been rigorously defined. Current methods of identifying gopher tortoise habitat typically rely on coarse soil and vegetation classifications, and are prone to over-prediction of suitable habitat. We used a logistic resource selection probability function in an information-theoretic framework to understand the relative importance of various environmental factors to gopher tortoise habitat selection, drawing on nationwide environmental datasets, and an existing tortoise survey of the Ft. Benning military base. We applied the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as an index of vegetation density, and found that NDVI was strongly negatively associated with active burrow locations. Our results showed that the most parsimonious model included variables from all candidate model types (landscape features, topography, soil, vegetation), and the model groups describing soil or vegetation alone performed poorly. These results demonstrate with a rigorous quantitative approach that although soil and vegetation are important to the gopher tortoise, they are not sufficient to describe suitable habitat. More widely, our results highlight the feasibility of constructing highly accurate habitat suitability models from data that are widely available throughout the species’ range. Our study shows that the widespread availability of national environmental datasets describing important components of gopher tortoise habitat, combined with existing tortoise surveys on public lands, can be leveraged to inform knowledge of habitat suitability and target recovery efforts range-wide. 相似文献
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Oteiza Juan Martín Prez Verónica Emilse Pereyra Dayana Jaureguiberry María Virginia Sánchez Gloria Sant’Ana Anderson S. Barril Patricia Angélica 《Food and environmental virology》2022,14(2):170-177
Food and Environmental Virology - Berries have been implicated as the probable vehicle of infection in multiple outbreaks of norovirus and hepatitis A virus (HAV). These foods often receive minimal... 相似文献
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Abrile Mariana Guadalupe Ciucio María Michela Demarchi Lourdes Marlén Bono Virginia Mariel Fiasconaro María Laura Lovato María Eugenia 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(19):23868-23886
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Pharmaceuticals and their degradation products which are present in wastewater and superficial waters are becoming an ecological issue. This research... 相似文献
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Simon T. Belt Thomas A. Brown Patricia Cabedo Sanz Alba Navarro Rodriguez 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2012,10(2):189-192
IP25 is a highly branched isoprenoid and an organic geochemical biomarker that is produced by some Arctic sea ice diatoms. IP25 has previously been used in Arctic palaeo sea ice reconstruction studies and as a tracer for studying Arctic food webs. Here,
the molecular structure of IP25 has been confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy following large-scale extraction from marine sediments obtained from the Canadian Arctic and purification
using a combination of open-column and HPLC chromatographic methods. The structure of IP25 was consistent between the three different sampling locations and was identical to that found previously for this biomarker
following synthesis from a closely related highly branched isoprenoid diene. Since this study represents the first structural
characterisation of IP25 in sediments, future analysis of sedimentary IP25 for palaeo Arctic sea ice reconstructions can be carried out with much greater confidence. 相似文献