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951.
Shelly L. Miller Peter Scaramella Joseph Campe Cynthia W. Goss Sandra Diaz-Castillo Ed Hendrikson Carolyn DiGuiseppi Jill Litt 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(35):5661-5667
An indoor air quality assessment was conducted on 100 homes of recent Mexican immigrants in Commerce City, Colorado, an urban industrial community north of Denver. Head of households were administered a family health survey, filled out an activity diary, and participated in a home inspection. Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) were measured for 24 h inside the main living area and outside of the homes. Harvard Impactors were used to collect 24-h samples of PM2.5 at the same locations for gravimetric analysis. Dust samples were collected by vacuuming carpeting and flooring at four locations within the home and analyzed by ELISA for seven allergens. Mean indoor and outdoor PM2.5 levels were 27.2 and 8.5 μg m−3, respectively. Indoor PM2.5 and CO2 were elevated in homes for which the number of hours with door/window open was zero compared to homes in which the number of hours was high (>15 h). Indoor PM2.5 levels did not correlate with outdoor levels and tended to increase with number of inhabitants, and results indicate that the source of indoor particles were occupants and their activities, excluding smoking and cooking. Mean indoor CO2 and CO levels were 1170 and 2.4 ppm, respectively. Carbon monoxide was higher than the 24-h National Ambient Air Quality Standard in 3 of the homes. The predominant allergens were cat (Fel d 1) and mouse (Mus m 1) allergens, found in 20 and 34 homes, respectively. 相似文献
952.
Sun Yang Wang Yuesi Zhang Changchun 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(2):468-472
This paper reports altitude-resolved concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter up to 10 microns in diameter (PM10) in the planetary boundary layer of major urban centers during extreme pollution episodes. The concentration of SO2 was observed continuously from November 24, 2004, to December 4, 2004, in Beijing during the heating period. Fluorescence SO2 analyzers were used to measure the atmospheric SO2 concentrations. Four SO2 analyzers were placed at 4 different levels (8 m, 47 m, 120 m, and 280 m) of the 325-m high meteorological observation tower of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences. A maximal SO2 concentration of 172.3 ppb was measured during this pollution episode, and SO2 concentration increased with altitude and reached its maximal value at ~50 m. The study also analyzed the meteorological situation before, during, and after the pollution episode. 相似文献
953.
L.J. Deacon L.J. Pankhurst G.H. Drew E.T. Hayes S. Jackson P.J. Longhurst J.W.S. Longhurst J. Liu S.J.T. Pollard S.F. Tyrrel 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(35):5698-5701
Information on the particle size distribution of bioaerosols emitted from open air composting operations is valuable in evaluating potential health impacts and is a requirement for improved dispersion simulation modelling. The membrane filter method was used to study the particle size distribution of Aspergillus fumigatus spores in air 50 m downwind of a green waste compost screening operation at a commercial facility. The highest concentrations (approximately 8 × 104 CFU m−3) of culturable spores were found on filters with pore diameters in the range 1–2 μm which suggests that the majority of spores are emitted as single cells. The findings were compared to published data collected using an Andersen sampler. Results were significantly correlated (p < 0.01) indicating that the two methods are directly comparable across all particles sizes for Aspergillus spores. 相似文献
954.
A new direct thermal desorption-GC/MS method: Organic speciation of ambient particulate matter collected in Golden, BC 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Luyi C. Ding Fu Ke Daniel K.W. Wang Tom Dann Claire C. Austin 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(32):4894-4902
Particulate matter having an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is thought to be implicated in a number of medical conditions, including cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, heart attack, and aging. However, very little chemical speciation data is available for the organic fraction of ambient aerosols. A new direct thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) method was developed for the analysis of the organic fraction of PM2.5. Samples were collected in Golden, British Columbia, over a 15-month period. n-Alkanes constituted 33–98% by mass of the organic compounds identified. PAHs accounted for 1–65% and biomarkers (hopanes and steranes) 1–8% of the organic mass. Annual mean concentrations were: n-alkanes (0.07–1.55 ng m−3), 16 PAHs (0.02–1.83 ng m−3), and biomarkers (0.02–0.18 ng m−3). Daily levels of these organics were 4.89–74.38 ng m−3, 0.27–100.24 ng m−3, 0.14–4.39 ng m−3, respectively. Ratios of organic carbon to elemental carbon (OC/EC) and trends over time were similar to those observed for PM2.5. There was no clear seasonal variation in the distribution of petroleum biomarkers, but elevated levels of other organic species were observed during the winter. Strong correlations between PAHs and EC, and between petroleum biomarkers and EC, suggest a common emission source – most likely motor vehicles and space heating. 相似文献
955.
J.W.S. Longhurst J.G. Irwin T.J. Chatterton E.T. Hayes N.S. Leksmono J.K. Symons 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(1):64-78
This paper considers the evolution of attempts to control and manage air pollution, principally but not exclusively focussing upon the challenge of managing air pollution in urban environments. The development and implementation of a range of air pollution control measures are considered. Initially the measures implemented primarily addressed point sources, a small number of fuel types and a limited number of pollutants. The adequacy of such a source-control approach is assessed within the context of a changing and challenging air pollution climate. An assessment of air quality management in the United Kingdom over a 50-year timeframe exemplifies the range of issues and challenges in contemporary air quality management. The need for new approaches is explored and the development and implementation of an effects-based, risk management system for air quality regulation is evaluated. 相似文献
956.
J.M. Zhang T. Wang A.J. Ding X.H. Zhou L.K. Xue C.N. Poon W.S. Wu J. Gao H.C. Zuo J.M. Chen X.C. Zhang S.J. Fan 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(2):228-237
Knowledge on atmospheric abundance of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is important in assessing the severity of photochemical pollution, and for understanding chemical transformation of reactive odd nitrogen and its impact on the budget of tropospheric ozone (O3). In summer 2006, continuous measurements of PAN were made using an automatic GC–ECD analyzer with an on-line calibrator at a suburban site of Lanzhou (LZ) and a remote site of Mt. Waliguan (WLG) in western China, with concurrent measurements of O3, total reactive nitrogen (NOy) and carbon monoxide (CO). At LZ, several photochemical episodes were observed during the study, and the average mixing ratio of PAN (plus or minus standard deviation) was 0.76 (±0.89) ppbv with the maximum value of 9.13 ppbv, compared to an average value of 0.44 (±0.16) ppbv at remote WLG. The PAN mixing ratios in LZ exhibited strong diurnal variations with a maximum at noon, while enhanced concentrations of PAN were observed in the evening and a minimum in the afternoon at WLG. The daily O3 and PAN concentration maxima showed a strong correlation (r2 = 0.91) in LZ, with a regression slope (PAN/O3) of 0.091 ppbv ppbv?1. At WLG, six well-identified pollution plumes (lasting 2–8 h) were observed with elevated concentrations of PAN (and other trace gases), and analysis of backward particle release simulation shows that the high-PAN events at WLG were mostly associated with the transport of air masses that had passed over LZ. 相似文献
957.
Claire L. Martin Ian D. Longley James R. Dorsey Rick M. Thomas Martin W. Gallagher Eiko Nemitz 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(31):4714-4721
Little information is known about the behaviour of ultrafine particles (UFP) on a citywide scale. Total particle number flux, dominated by UFP, and other meteorological parameters were collected from tower sites in Manchester, London, Edinburgh and Gothenburg between 1999 and 2006 using the eddy covariance technique. Averaged diurnal cycles were produced for particle number flux, concentration, sensible heat flux, emission velocity, friction velocity, wind speed and temperature. UFP flux cycles showed clear diurnal trends which were linked to traffic activity and local sources. Wind sector analysis showed contributions to flux from local heavily urbanised areas. A simple parameterised model linking UFP flux to traffic activity, sensible heat and friction velocity above the city was produced. 相似文献
958.
G.S.W. Hagler R.W. Baldauf E.D. Thoma T.R. Long R.F. Snow J.S. Kinsey L. Oudejans B.K. Gullett 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(6):1229-1234
Ultrafine particles (UFPs, diameter < 100 nm) and co-emitted pollutants from traffic are a potential health threat to nearby populations. During summertime in Raleigh, North Carolina, UFPs were simultaneously measured upwind and downwind of a major roadway using a spatial matrix of five portable industrial hygiene samplers (measuring total counts of 20–1000 nm particles). While the upper sampling range of the portable samplers extends past the defined “ultrafine” upper limit (100 nm), the 20–1000 nm number counts had high correlation (Pearson R = 0.7–0.9) with UFPs (10–70 nm) measured by a co-located research-grade analyzer and thus appear to be driven by the ultrafine range. Highest UFP concentrations were observed during weekday morning work commutes, with levels at 20 m downwind from the road nearly fivefold higher than at an upwind station. A strong downwind spatial gradient was observed, linearly approximated over the first 100 m as an 8% drop in UFP counts per 10 m distance. This result agreed well with UFP spatial gradients estimated from past studies (ranging 5–12% drop per 10 m). Linear regression of other vehicle-related air pollutants measured in near real-time (10-min averages) against UFPs yielded moderate to high correlation with benzene (R2 = 0.76), toluene (R2 = 0.49), carbon monoxide (R2 = 0.74), nitric oxide (R2 = 0.80), and black carbon (R2 = 0.65). Overall, these results support the notion that near-road levels of UFPs are heavily influenced by traffic emissions and correlate with other vehicle-produced pollutants, including certain air toxics. 相似文献
959.
Chester W. Spicer Michael W. Holdren Kenneth A. Cowen Darrell W. Joseph Jan Satola Bradley Goodwin Howard Mayfield Alexander Laskin M. Lizabeth Alexander John V. Ortega Matthew Newburn Robert Kagann Ram Hashmonay 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(16):2612-2622
Aircraft emissions affect air quality on scales from local to global. More than 20% of the jet fuel used in the U.S. is consumed by military aircraft, and emissions from this source are facing increasingly stringent environmental regulations, so improved methods for quickly and accurately determining emissions from existing and new engines are needed. This paper reports results of a study to advance the methods used for detailed characterization of military aircraft emissions, and provides emission factors for two aircraft: the F-15 fighter and the C-130 cargo plane. The measurements involved outdoor ground-level sampling downstream behind operational military aircraft. This permits rapid change-out of the aircraft so that engines can be tested quickly on operational aircraft. Measurements were made at throttle settings from idle to afterburner using a simple extractive probe in the dilute exhaust. Emission factors determined using this approach agree very well with those from the traditional method of extractive sampling at the exhaust exit. Emission factors are reported for CO2, CO, NO, NOx, and more than 60 hazardous and/or reactive organic gases. Particle size, mass and composition also were measured and are being reported separately. Comparison of the emissions of nine hazardous air pollutants from these two engines with emissions from nine other aircraft engines is discussed. 相似文献
960.
T.L. O'Halloran J.D. Fuentes D.R. Collins M.J. Cleveland W.C. Keene 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(22-23):3586-3595
During autumn, 2006, variation in the frequency of aerosol nucleation events, as inferred from nanoparticle growth events, and associated hygroscopicity were investigated as a function of air mass transport history at a mixed deciduous forest in central Virginia, U.S. Above-canopy size distributions of aerosols between 0.012 and 0.700 μm diameter, size-resolved particle hygroscopicity at eight dry diameters between 0.012 and 0.400 μm, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity were characterized. Air mass back trajectories were clustered to identify source regions. Growth events were most frequent in fast-moving air masses (mean = 9 m s?1) that originated over the north central U.S. Under these flow regimes, mean values for preexisting sub-μm aerosol number concentrations (4700 cm?3), corresponding surface area (142 μm2 cm?3), air temperature (6.2 °C), and relative humidity (RH, 49.4%) were relatively low compared to other regimes. Under stagnant flow conditions (mean = 3 m s?1), mean number concentrations were higher (>6000 cm?3) and size fractions <0.1 μm diameter exhibited enhanced hygroscopicity compared to other source regions. These results indicate that precursors emitted into relatively clean, cold, and dry air transported over the southeastern U.S. reacted to form condensable intermediates that subsequently produced new aerosols via nucleation and growth. This pathway was an important source for CCN. During events in October, nanoparticles were produced in greater numbers and grew more rapidly compared to November and December. 相似文献