Potential effects of environmental contamination on Yuma Myotis demography and population growth.

Unplanned natural and anthropogenic disasters provide unique opportunities for investigating the influence of perturbations on population vital rates and species recovery times. We investigated the potential effects of a major pesticide spill by comparing annual survival rates using mark-recapture techniques on a riparian bat species, Yuma Myotis (Myotis yumanensis). Demography and population dynamics for most bat species remain poorly understood despite advances in mark-recapture estimation and modeling techniques. We compared survival and population growth rates of two roost populations exposed to a large chemical (metam sodium) spill in the upper Sacramento River in Northern California with two roost populations outside the contaminated area from 1992 to 1996. Hypotheses about long-term effects of the spill on female juvenile and adult survival were tested using an information-theoretic approach (AIC). Working hypotheses included effects of age, chemical spill, and time trend on survival. Female adult survival was higher than female juvenile survival across all sites, suggesting stage-specific mortality risks. Model-averaged estimates of female juvenile survival in the contaminated area (0.50-0.74) were lower than in control roosts (0.60-0.78) for each year in the study, suggesting that the spill may have reduced juvenile survival for several years. Female adult survival (0.73-0.89) did not appear to be strongly affected by the spill during the years of the study. There was an increase in survival for both stage-classes across all populations during the study period, which may have been caused by the end of an extended drought in California in the winter of 1993. The spill-affected population was in decline for the first year of the study as indicated by an estimated growth rate (lambda) < 1, but population growth rates increased during the four-year period.     

汕头红树林湿地表层沉积物环境因子对PAHs分布的影响

为了探明红树林湿地表层沉积物环境因子对多环芳烃分布的影响,野外采集了汕头红树林湿地表层沉积物样品,实验室内有机溶剂提取、氧化铝硅胶柱净化和气质联用分析了沉积物多环芳烃的质量分数、CHN元素仪分析了沉积物有机碳和黑碳的质量分数、激光粒度仪分析了沉积物的粒级组成,研究了沉积物有机碳、黑碳和粒度等各环境因子与多环芳烃的相关性.结果表明:有机碳与2～3环、4环和总多环芳烃的质量分数显著相关(P<0.05),表明表层沉积物有机碳的质量分数对PAHs的分布产生了显著的影响;黑碳与2～3环、4环、5～6环和总多环芳烃的质量分数显著相关(P<0.01),表明表层沉积物黑碳的质量分数对PAHs的分布产生了显著的影响;粘粒与2～3环多环芳烃的质量分数显著相关(P<0.05),与4环、5～6环和总多环芳烃的质量分数显著相关(P<0.01),表明表层沉积物粘粒的质量分数对PAHs的分布也产生了显著的影响;多元线性逐步回归分析显示,各回归方程黑碳的偏回归系数值都是最大,沉积物黑碳的质量分数对多环芳烃的质量分数贡献最大,表明黑碳是多环芳烃分布的主要影响因素.     

负载量对氨水吸收CO2的影响规律及添加剂的作用研究

进行了氨法脱碳过程中吸收剂中CO2负载量对CO2脱除率影响的实验研究.结果发现,CO2脱除率随着负载量的增大而显著减小,高负载量(≥0.4)时,增加吸收液中总氨质量分数(吸收液中所有包含氨分子和铵离子的物质,并统一换算成NH3的质量分数)并不能有效地提高CO2的脱除率.同时,分别对有机和无机添加剂进行筛选,选取哌嗪(PZ)和十二水磷酸钠(Na3PO4·12H2O)对吸收剂中高CO2负载鼍条件下的氨水溶液进行改性.实验结果表明,当哌嗪(PZ)浓度与总氨浓度之比为0.08,在吸收荆中CO2负载量为0.4、0.5和0.6的条件下,CO2脱除率可分别提高29.4%、31.0%和21.7%;当Na3PO4·12H2O浓度与总氨浓度之比为0.10,在吸收剂中CO2负载量为0.4、0.5和0.6的条件下,CO2脱除率可分别提高11.0%、11.7%和17.1%.