卧龙大熊猫人工育幼技术的研究进展

简要回顾了大熊猫人工育幼的历史，总结了卧龙中国保护大熊猫研究中心在大熊猫人工育幼研究领域的发展。1991年全人工育幼使1只大熊猫弃仔存活160d，但之后连续几年人工育幼失败；1998年成功地将一只弃仔人工哺育2mo后，给不会带仔的母兽培训其带仔。1999年将2个双胞胎及1个三胞胎中的2仔通过人工育幼与母兽交替哺育存活，同时将2只自野外抢救回来的大熊猫幼仔人工哺育存活。创造了1a人工哺育8只幼仔存活的世界记录，大大提高了大熊猫幼仔的存活率。大熊猫人工育幼技术的关键在于；适宜的育幼环境，幼仔免疫力的获得，人工乳的配制，幼兽的疾病防治及正确的饲喂方式。现将卧龙大熊猫庆大熊猫人工育幼方面所取得的突破性进展总结如下。图2表2参6     

改善深圳河水质的补水方案及生态影响初步分析

深圳河旱季天然径流量小而污染负荷高,为了改善河流水质,在削减入河污染物的同时有必要采取补水措施。利用水质模型,计算了不同污水处理率下,分别以污水资源化再生水、珠江口海水和大鹏湾海水为补水水源时,深圳河达到基本不黑臭所需的补水量。讨论了补水方案对河流水质、盐度、水动力条件的改变及其对生态系统的影响。研究表明,引海水对河流生态系统的冲击不容忽视。而污水资源化是较优的补水方案。     

青海玉树7.1级地震震害特点分析及启示

根据2010年4月14日玉树7.1级地震震害现场调查资料,对其震害特点进行了全面的分析总结,阐述了震区环境及其地质构造背景,对断层效应及场地效应等也进行了分析,并归纳总结了防震减灾的经验与启示。     

城镇社区地震应急工作模式的建立

社区地震应急工作是我国地震应急管理工作的重要内容之一,是减轻地震灾害的有效途径。如何依托社区开展地震应急工作是近年来,特别是汶川地震后全社会关注的问题。从地震应急组织管理、应急预案、志愿者队伍建设、宣传培训、应急演练、物资储备、避难场地和疏散通道设置以及地震应急处置等几个方面讨论了社区地震应急工作模式。     

下蜀土边坡地震稳定性的大型振动台试验研究(Ⅰ)——模型试验设计

为研究下蜀土边坡的地震稳定性,选用天然下蜀土,按照Meymand的相似法则,对一坡高为0.5m、宽度为1.05m、坡角为45°的模型边坡进行了几何相似常数为20的1g大型振动台模型试验详细设计。首先,运用数值模拟的方法确定了模型边坡尺寸适当的边界范围,模型边坡地基厚度、坡脚前缘和坡肩后缘长度均取为0.5m;其次,按照确定的模型几何尺寸设计了符合试验要求的模型箱,其内壁净尺寸(长×宽×高)为1500mm×1050mm×1100mm,属刚性模型箱,且不会与模型边坡发生共振;最后,制定了包括加速度和位移在内的数据量测策略,运用拟静力法求得下蜀土边坡平均屈服加速度为0.561g,综合确定了地震动峰值(PGA)按0.1g、0.3g、0.6g和0.9g的顺序逐级加载的原则,并制定了详细的试验步骤,从而可保障试验得到可靠的结果。     

澳门城市垃圾焚烧底灰的重金属淋溶及其遗传毒性评价

应用美国国家环境保护局推荐的毒性特性溶出程序(toxicitycharacteristicleachingprocedure,TCLP),以及ICP-MS和ICP-AES技术研究了澳门城市垃圾焚烧底灰中重金属的淋溶,并结合蚕豆根尖微核试验评价了其潜在的生态与健康风险.结果显示,该底灰淋溶出来的重金属元素:铝(Al)、锰(Mn)、钴(Co)和汞(Hg)的浓度低于0.01mg·L-1,铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)和钼(Mo)的浓度低于0.1mg·L-1,而铬(Cr)、锌(Zn)、硒(Se)、锶(Sr)、钡(Ba)和铯(Cs)的浓度在0.11mg·L-1￣2.19mg·L-1之间.需要注意的是淋溶液中铅(Pb)的浓度异常高,最高可达19.06mg·L-1,超过了美国相关标准的上限(5mg·L-1);对比不同条件下底灰中重金属的淋溶情况,表明溶解作用和淋溶液的pH值是影响其淋溶的2个重要因素.蚕豆根尖微核试验显示各淋溶液处理组根尖细胞微核率明显升高,与阴性对照组相比具有显著性差异(p<0.05),表明各淋溶液具有遗传毒性;随着淋溶液中重金属浓度的增加,蚕豆根尖细胞所表现出来的毒性效应增强,表明重金属是淋溶液具有遗传毒性的重要原因.     

Uncovering the evolution of tin use in the United States and its implications

• US tin use decreases as the GDP value added by manufacturing sector increases. • Global and China’s tin use increases as the GDP added by manufacturing increases. • A sigmoid curve can fit the US tin use data well. • US tin use patterns is not due to the finite tin reserves or resources. • Policies, substitutions, etc. play key roles in the changing tin use patterns. Tin is of key importance to daily life and national security; it is considered an essential industrial metal. The United States (US) is the world’s largest economy and consumer of natural resources. Therefore, the analysis of historical tin use in the US is helpful for understanding future tin use trends in the world as a whole and in developing countries. Time series analysis, regression analysis with GDP or GDP/capita, and historical data fitted with logistic and Gompertz models are employed in this study. Historical tin use in the US shows three stages—increase-constant-decrease, as GDP per capita has increased. Tin use in the US is negatively correlated with the GDP value added by the manufacturing sector, while the use of tin worldwide and in China continues to increase along with the GDP value added by the manufacturing sector. Although a sigmoid curve can fit the US tin use data well, that use is not directly related to the limited tin reserves or resources. Rather, policies, economic restructuring, substitutions, new end-use markets, etc. have played key roles in the changing tin use patterns. This work contributes to understanding future tin use at both the global and national levels: tin use will continue to increase with GDP at the global level, but use patterns of tin at the national level can be changed through human intervention.     

Remediation of 2,4-dichlorophenol-contaminated groundwater using nano-sized CaO2 in a two-dimensional scale tank

• Nano CaO₂ is evaluated as a remediation agent for 2,4-DCP contaminated groundwater. • 2,4-DCP degradation mechanism by different Fe²⁺ concentration was proposed. • 2,4-DCP was not degraded in the system for solution pH>10. • The 2,4-DCP degradation area is inconsistent with the nano CaO₂ distribution area. This study evaluates the applicability of nano-sized calcium peroxide (CaO₂) as a source of H₂O₂ to remediate 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) contaminated groundwater via the advanced oxidation process (AOP). First, the effect and mechanism of 2,4-DCP degradation by CaO₂ at different Fe concentrations were studied (Fenton reaction). We found that at high Fe concentrations, 2,4-DCP almost completely degrades via primarily the oxidation of •OH within 5 h. At low Fe concentrations, the degradation rate of 2,4-DCP decreased rapidly. The main mechanism was the combined action of •OH and O₂^•−. Without Fe, the 2,4-DCP degradation reached 13.6% in 213 h, primarily via the heterogeneous reaction on the surface of CaO₂. Besides, 2,4-DCP degradation was significantly affected by solution pH. When the solution pH was>10, the degradation was almost completely inhibited. Thus, we adopted a two-dimensional water tank experiment to study the remediation efficiency CaO₂ on the water sample. We noticed that the degradation took place mainly in regions of pH<10 (i.e., CaO₂ distribution area), both upstream and downstream of the tank. After 28 days of treatment, the average 2,4-DCP degradation level was ≈36.5%. Given the inadequacy of the results, we recommend that groundwater remediation using nano CaO₂: (1) a buffer solution should be added to retard the rapid increase in pH, and (2) the nano CaO₂ should be injected copiously in batches to reduce CaO₂ deposition.     

2020年初疫情管控对山东省空气质量影响的模拟

利用2020年初新冠疫情对人类生产、生活的一次自然冲击及由此导致的大气污染状况变化,研究了空气质量对污染物减排及气象因素的响应关系.通过对疫情管控前（1月15~23日）和疫情控制关键期（1月24日~2月7日）这2个阶段空气质量对比分析发现,疫情期间山东省除O₃浓度上升外,PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂及CO浓度分别降低72.6 μg·m^-3、47.4 μg·m^-3、25.6 μg·m^-3、3.0 μg·m^-3和0.5 mg·m^-3;降幅分别为45.86%、41.24%、58.00%、17.71%和31.40%;RAMS-CMAQ模拟显示,疫情期气象扩散条件改善导致的PM₁₀、PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂和CO浓度改善幅度为26.04%、33.03%、28.35%、43.27%和23.29%,人为减排造成的各污染物浓度降低幅度为19.82%、8.21%、29.65%、-25.56%和8.12%.疫情期间O₃浓度上升20.51%,气象因素和人为活动的影响分别占10.47%和10.04%.结果表明一次污染物对减排响应更敏感,二次污染物对减排响应有一定时滞性且受气象因素影响更显著,臭氧浓度对污染物减排线性响应关系不明显,总体呈负相关,说明臭氧的控制需探索科学的污染物减排比例.     

基于MDI综合赋权的军航空管模糊物元安全评价

为了保证军航空管系统的运行安全,防患于未然,根据模糊物元分析理论,结合军航空管系统安全评价指标体系,提出了基于综合赋权的军航空管系统模糊物元安全评价模型。在该模型中,引入最小鉴别信息(MDI)原理对层次分析法和熵值法所确定的权重进行组合,实现评价指标的综合赋权,进而将计算得到的综合权重用于模糊物元建模及评价。实例分析结果表明,该模型步骤简单,过程科学合理,并兼顾了主客观因素的影响,评价结果总体反映了军航空管系统的真实安全水平,也为军航空管安全的科学评价提供了新思路。