海南岛西部地区砖红壤中微量元素含量及其分布特征

对海南岛西部地区发育典型的5个砖红壤剖面微量元素的组成特征进行研究发现,5个剖面微量元素的含量变化趋势具有一定的相似性,其中Cu、Pb、Zn、As平均含量大多高于中国南方砖红壤的平均值,而Ni、Mo、Cd、Sn、Sb等微量元素则刚好相反。各剖面微量元素含量的纵向变化规律显示,土壤中微量元素含量及其垂直变化从根本上取决于土壤母质的特征。受区内自然条件影响,区内土壤微量元素的垂向迁移能力相对较弱,而人类的工业活动、农业活动也可导致少量As、Cd、Pb等有害外源微量元素进入土壤并趋向于在土壤的浅层富集。     

甲醛对原癌基因c-myc、MDM2及抑癌基因p53的影响

为研究吸入性甲醛的毒性能否进入动物骨髓组织,引起骨髓组织基因表达发生改变,选择小鼠某些原癌基因和抑癌基因为研究对象,以SPF级balb/c雄性小鼠为材料,采用动态吸入方式染毒2周(5+2模式),染毒浓度分别为0, 0.5, 3.0mg/m3,用半定量RT-PCR方法检测不同浓度甲醛对小鼠染毒后骨髓组织细胞中c-myc、MDM2和p53基因表达的变化.结果表明,在不同浓度的甲醛暴露条件下,与空白对照组相比,小鼠骨髓组织中的c-myc基因,MDM2基因和p53基因表达均发生改变,在3.0mg/m3浓度组与空白对照组存在显著差异(P<0.05), c-myc基因,MDM2基因呈现表达上调,p53基因则呈现表达下调.吸入性甲醛的毒性能进入动物骨髓组织,并能引起骨髓组织基因表达发生改变.     

基于群落数量特征的喀斯特湿地森林群落优势种分析

草海湿地是贵州省最大的天然淡水湿地湖泊,具有典型高原喀斯特湿地特征,作为国家一级保护鸟类黑颈鹤的主要越冬栖息地,对其展开各方面研究具有重要意义。之前对草海的研究主要集中在湖泊水体富营养化[1-2]、土壤重金属污染[3-5]、浮游植物与水生生物时空分布及保护区生态环境恢复等领域,而对草海湿地流域汇水区域森林生态系统的研究鲜有报道。采用典型标准样地调查法、群落数量特征和Kikvidze-Ohsawa优势种判定法,对草海湿地流域不同坡度的森林植物群落优势种及群落特征进行分析。结果表明,(1)草海喀斯特湿地流域森林群落主要以松科(Pinaceae)、壳斗科(Fagaceae)、杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、忍冬科(Caprifoliaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、菊科(Asteraceae)等植物为主。(2)采用IV-Kikvidze-Ohsawa优势种评判法对不同坡度森林植物群落优势种比例分析发现,随坡度的增加优势种比呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,乔木群落优势种比例变化拐点在斜坡,灌木和草本群落拐点在陡坡。(3)采用SDR4-Kikvidze-Ohsawa优势种评判法对不同坡度森林植物群落优势种比例分析,发现乔木群落优势种比例随坡度的增加而加大;灌木和草本群落优势种的比例随坡度的增加先减少后增加,优势种比例变化拐点为陡坡。(4)结合植物群落数量与Kikvidze-Ohsawa优势种评判法对植物群落进行分析发现,群落数量指标所包含信息量的多寡直接影响分析结果,因此在对群落优势种的研究中,应选择包含种群信息量较多的群落数量指标。     

Substance flow analysis for an urban drainage system of a representative hypothetical city in China

This paper discusses the use of substance flow analysis (SFA) as a tool to support quantified research on urban drainage systems. Based on the principle of mass balance, a static substance flow model is established to describe and examine the routes and intensities of water, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) for a representative hypothetical city (RH city) in China, which is a devised and scaled city using statistical characteristics of urban circumstances at the national level. It is estimated that the annual flux of water, COD, TN and TP through the urban drainage system in 2010 was 55.1 million m³, 16037.3 t, 1649.5 t and 209.7 t, respectively. The effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was identified as the most important pathway for pollutant emissions, which contributed approximately 60% of COD, 65% of TN and 50% of TP to receiving water. During the wastewater treatment process, 1.0 million m3, 7042.5 t, 584.2 t and 161.4 t of the four studied substances had been transmitted into sludge, meanwhile 3813.0 t of COD and 394.0 t of TN were converted and emitted to the atmosphere. Compared with the representative hypothetical city of 2000, urban population and the area of urban built districts had expanded by approximately 90% and 80% respectively during the decade, resulting in a more than threefold increase in the input of substances into the urban drainage system. Thanks to the development of urban drainage systems, the total loads of the city were maintained at a similar level.     

One-pot preparation of graphene oxide magnetic nanocomposites for the removal of tetrabromobisphenol A

A simple solvothermal method was used to prepare monodisperse magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles attached onto graphene oxide (GO) sheets as adsorbents to remove tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) from an aqueous solution. These Fe₃O₄/GO (MGO) nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption capacity at different initial pH, contact duration, and temperature were evaluated. The kinetics of adsorption was found to fit the pseudo-second-order model perfectly. The adsorption isotherm well fitted the Langmuir model, and the theoretical maximum of adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir model was 27.26 mg?g^-1. The adsorption thermodynamics of TBBPA on the MGO nanocomposites was determined at 303 K, 313 K, and 323 K, respectively. The results indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. The MGO nanocomposites were conveniently separated from the media by an external magnetic field within several seconds, and then regenerated in 0.2 M NaOH solution. Thus, the MGO nanocomposites are a promising candidate for TBBPA removal from wastewater.     

渤海典型海域表层沉积物正构烷烃特征比较

对渤海典型海域表层沉积物正构烷烃特征进行比较研究.分别采集葫芦岛市近岸海域(1#)、东营市近岸海域(2#)、营口市近岸海域(3#)9个站点的表层沉积物样品,经索氏提取、柱净化后进行GC-MS分析.结果表明,各站位都表现为双峰型,显示了陆源与海源双重贡献特征,但主导峰各不相同;正构烷烃含量(∑n-alk)均值分别为5.43μg.g-1、2.27μg.g-1、4.30μg.g-1;三海域碳优势指数CPI、奇偶优势指数OEP、姥鲛烷和植烷比值Pr/Ph等特征比值基本相同,指示混合来源及中性偏氧化的沉积环境;C31/C19均值分别为11.19、4.51、6.73,短/长链比值L/H均值分别为0.50、1.48、1.31,类脂物比值TAR均值分别为3.61、1.03、1.19,综合显示葫芦岛市近岸海域正构烷烃来源主要为陆源高等植物,而营口及东营近岸海域沉积物正构烷烃更多来源于内生浮游生物源及石油源,三海域沉积物受人类污染影响程度从高到低分别为2#海域(东营)>3#海域(营口)>1#海域(葫芦岛市),且东营近岸海域沉积物受石油污染特征明显.这些特征都与3个海域周边城市发展与污染输入特征有直接的关系.     

Evidence for a mutual effect of biofilms, suspended particles and sediments on DDT sorption

This report shows that biofilms and suspended particles double DDT sorption capacity on surface sediments. Sorption of pollutants by solid materials, such as biofilms, suspended particles and sediments, is a major process controlling the fate of hydrophobic pollutants in natural waters. Most previous studies focused on the sorption of hydrophobic pollutants by single-solid material, whereas few studies considered the mutual effect of different solids on the sorption. Various solid materials often interact with each other when they coexist in the same system. Therefore, pollutants sorption could be different from that in the single-solid sorption system. Here we studied the mutual effect of biofilms, suspended particles and surface sediments on the sorption of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Results showed that biofilms and suspended particles double DDT sorption capacity on surface sediments. The different effects were mainly determined by distinct components and structures of the three solid materials, particularly by organic components. Here we show the mutual effect of biofilms, suspended particles and sediments on DDT sorption.     

海拔及细胞质背景对水稻测交群体遗传分化的影响

温度是导致水稻（Oryza sativa L.）遗传分化的一个重要环境因素,而海拔是导致环境温度差异的一个重要的地理因素。水稻的雄配子即花粉粒的活性极易受环境温度的影响。研究用来自云南2 670 m海拔的粳稻地方品种小麻谷与具籼稻细胞质背景的籼粳交后代品系南34正反交产生的F1,然后将其分布种植在海拔高低相差达1 800 m的4个海拔点并与育性稳定的1个滇Ⅰ型细胞质不育系杂交产生了8个测交群体,用SSR标记检测发现海拔因素和细胞质背景都对测交群体的遗传分化产生了影响。结果表明：同一海拔产生的正反交群体（合系42A//小麻谷/南34）间的遗传多样性具有比较明显的差异。正交组合F1（小麻谷×南34）在1 860 m的海拔产生的群体的遗传多样性最高,在1 600 m的海拔产生的群体的遗传多样性最低。在反交组合F1产生的群体中,群体的遗传多样性随产生群体海拔（400 m海拔除外）的升高而降低。利用Nei′s遗传距离评价各群体间的遗传分化,正反交组合F1产生测交群体间的遗传分化均高于同一组合在不同海拔下产生的测交群体之间的遗传分化,同一组合在4个海拔产生的测交群体间的遗传分化总体趋势是随海拔差异的增加而增大。研究证实了环境温度差异及细胞质背景导致F1产生的雄配子基因型发生选择,导致雄配子基因型的遗传比例偏离孟德尔规律,影响其后代群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化。     

上海市受纳污水河流中多溴联苯醚的生态风险评价

以上海市某污水处理厂出水及其受纳河流为研究对象,测定了19种多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)同系物的浓度和分布特征,估算了污水处理厂PBDEs的年度排放负荷,并初步评价了受纳污水河流PBDEs的生态风险水平.结果表明,污水、河流水体及沉积物中PBDEs的总浓度分别为5050 pg.L-1、1310 pg.L-1和3.8 ng.g-1干重,其中BDE-209为主要成分.在排污口下游,PBDEs并没有随距离的增加而明显降低.该污水厂每年通过污水排放的五溴、八溴和十溴联苯醚分别为2.2、5.1和56.2 g.生态风险评价表明,目前该污水厂污水受纳河流中PBDEs导致的生态风险较低.     

高架桥对街道峡谷内大气颗粒物输运的影响

随着我国城市汽车保有量的迅速攀升,城市中心区域的空气质量与生态环境急剧恶化.利用计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟,研究了3种H/W(街道建筑物高度/峡谷宽度)下高架桥对街道峡谷内颗粒物扩散的影响.建立了街道峡谷内机动车尾气中颗粒物扩散模型,并给出了边界条件.采用标准k-ε模型与离散相模型对街道峡谷内部气流运动、颗粒物扩散及浓度分布进行了模拟计算,并计算了高架桥对风场及颗粒物扩散的影响.结果表明:H/W越大,街道峡谷内颗粒物浓度越高,同时颗粒物平均滞留时间越长.相对于没有高架桥的街道峡谷,高架桥附近区域风场变化明显,但对建筑物墙壁、地面及峡谷顶层处影响较小.街道峡谷内存在高架桥时,在墙壁较低处颗粒物浓度增加.