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11.
Paul N. Wilson Teddy J. Goldammer James C. Wade 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(1):1-9
ABSTRACT: Urban wastewater can be a valuable source of water and plant nutrients for agricultural producers, particularly in arid regions. The scientific literature reveals cautious optimism concerning the biological, institutional, and economic viability of irrigating crops with secondary-treated effluent. A derived effluent demand function for agricultural producers near Tucson, Arizona, reveals a potential annual demand of 11,000 acre-feet under present price and proposed delivery system conditions. In this case, wastewater could be exchanged for ground water and both the urban and rural areas would gain. 相似文献
12.
Rebecca J. Wade Bruce L. Rhoads Jose Rodriguez Melinda Daniels David Wilson Edwin E. Herricks Fabian Bombardelli Marcelo Garcia John Schwartz 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2002,38(4):931-944
ABSTRACT: Many urban and suburban communities in the Midwest are seeking to establish sustainable, morphologically and hydraulically varied, yet dynamically stable fluvial systems that are capable of supporting healthy, biologically diverse aquatic ecosystems — a process known as stream naturalization. This paper describes an integrated research program that seeks to develop a scientific and technological framework to support two stream naturalization projects near Chicago, Illinois. The research program integrates theory and methods in fluvial geomorphology, aquatic ecology, hydraulic engineering and social theory. Both the conceptual and the practical challenges of that integration are discussed. Scientific and technical support emphasize the development of predictive tools to evaluate the performance of possible naturalization designs at scales most appropriate to community based projects. Social analysis focuses on place based evaluations of how communities formulate an environmental vision and then, through decision making, translate this vision into specific stream naturalization strategies. Integration of scientific and technical with social components occurs in the context of community based decision making as the predictive tools are employed by project scientists to help local communities translate their environmental visions into concrete environmental designs. Social analysis of this decision making process reveals how the interplay between the community's vision of what they want the watershed to become, and the scientific perspective on what the watershed can become to achieve the community's environmental goals, leads to the implementation of specific stream naturalization practices. 相似文献
13.
Woodard KR French EC Sweat LA Graetz DA Sollenberger LE Macoon B Portier KM Rymph SJ Wade BL Prine GM Van Horn HH 《Journal of environmental quality》2003,32(3):996-1007
In northern Florida, year-round forage systems are used in dairy effluent sprayfields to reduce nitrate leaching. Our purpose was to quantify forage N removal and monitor nitrate N (NO3(-)-N) concentration below the rooting zone for two perennial, sod-based, triple-cropping systems over four 12-mo cycles (1996-2000). The soil is an excessively drained Kershaw sand (thermic, uncoated Typic Quartzip-samment). Effluent N rates were 500, 690, and 910 kg ha(-1) per cycle. Differences in N removal between a corn (Zea mays L.)-bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.)-rye (Secale cereale L.) system (CBR) and corn-perennial peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.)-rye system (CPR) were primarily related to the performance of the perennial forages. Nitrogen removal of corn (125-170 kg ha(-1)) and rye (62-90 kg ha(-1)) was relatively stable between systems and among cycles. The greatest N removal was measured for CBR in the first cycle (408 kg ha(-1)), with the bermudagrass removing an average of 191 kg N ha(-1). In later cycles, N removal for bermudagrass declined because dry matter (DM) yield declined. Yield and N removal of perennial peanut increased over the four cycles. Nitrate N concentrations below the rooting zone were lower for CBR than CPR in the first two cycles, but differences were inconsistent in the latter two. The CBR system maintained low NO3(-)-N leaching in the first cycle when the bermudagrass was the most productive; however, it was not a sustainable system for long-term prevention of NO3(-)-N leaching due to declining bermudagrass yield in subsequent cycles. For CPR, effluent N rates > or = 500 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) have the potential to negatively affect ground water quality. 相似文献
14.
Adrian H. Griffin William E. Martin James C. Wade 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1981,17(1):57-61
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the use of water by copper mines for treating low grade ores. The froth flotation process for treating sulphide ore and the heap leaching process for treating oxide ore are described, and ways of reducing the amount of water used in these processes are discussed. Estimates of the costs reducing water consumption are given. Finally, the circumstances in which it would be desirable for a copper mine to reduce its level of water consumption are considered. 相似文献
15.
Bivalves are often used as sentinel organisms in monitoring programmes for trace organic contaminants. the animal's physiological state may be important in interpreting trends in contaminant body burden. Simultaneous evaluation of physiological state and organic contaminant concentration in bivalves typically involves removal of a lipid-rich cross-section of the body mass for histopathological and/or gonadal analysis.
In this study, the bias introduced by this technique in the final trace organic concentrations, e.g. of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, are evaluated on five different size groups of oysters. As a test case, we evaluated the use of this method in the NOAA's Status & Trends Mussel Watch (NS&T) Programme. the average biases introduced by this technique in the final trace organic concentrations in Gulf of Mexico oysters have been increasing since 1986 as a consequence of a continuous decrease in the size of the individuals sampled. 相似文献
In this study, the bias introduced by this technique in the final trace organic concentrations, e.g. of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, are evaluated on five different size groups of oysters. As a test case, we evaluated the use of this method in the NOAA's Status & Trends Mussel Watch (NS&T) Programme. the average biases introduced by this technique in the final trace organic concentrations in Gulf of Mexico oysters have been increasing since 1986 as a consequence of a continuous decrease in the size of the individuals sampled. 相似文献
16.
The Midlands Region of the Environment Agency has developed a management system, in the form of an Environmental Action Plan (EAP) to ensure that the constraints and mitigation measures identified in the Environmental Statement document are delivered on the ground. The reasons are considered for developing such procedures and examples are provided of the environmentalobjectives and targets which lie at the heart of the new procedures. The EAP is designed to provide a summary of the environmental constraints, adverse effects and their associated mitigation measures, and monitoring requirements, in an easily accessible document for both technical and non-technical readers. 相似文献
17.
B. A. Wade 《Marine Biology》1972,13(1):57-69
A highly diverse soft-bottom community in Kingston Harbour, Jamaica is described to provide additional information on the structure of tropical benthic communities. It is shown that the community has a level of diversity unique to stable tropical environments, that dominance by a few species is greatly reduced,and that there are no true parallels to this community in similar environments. The community described seems to fit Sanders' stability-time hypothesis. The density and standing crop of the community are low, and possible explanations for this are discussed. Continuous year-round breeding, short life-spans, and fast turnover rates are suggested as the most important factors regulating biomass in the community described. 相似文献
18.
Holly Fearnbach John W. Durban David K. Ellifrit Janice M. Waite Craig O. Matkin Chris R. Lunsford Megan J. Peterson Jay Barlow Paul R. Wade 《Marine Biology》2014,161(2):459-472
The productive North Pacific waters of the Gulf of Alaska, Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea support a high density of fish-eating “Resident” type killer whales (Orcinus orca), which overlap in distribution with commercial fisheries, producing both direct and indirect interactions. To provide a spatial context for these interactions, we analyzed a 10-year dataset of 3,058 whale photo-identifications from 331 encounters within a large (linear ~4,000 km) coastal study area to investigate the ranging and social patterns of 532 individually identifiable whales photographed in more than one encounter. Although capable of large-scale movements (maximum 1,443 km), we documented ranges generally <200 km, with high site fidelity across summer sampling intervals and also re-sightings during a winter survey. Bayesian analysis of pair-wise associations identified four defined clusters, likely representing groupings of stable matrilines, with distinct ranging patterns, that combined to form a large network of associated whales that ranged across most of the study area. This provides evidence of structure within the Alaska stock of Resident killer whales, important for evaluating ecosystem and fisheries impacts. This network included whales known to depredate groundfish from longline fisheries, and we suggest that such large-scale connectivity has facilitated the spread of depredation. 相似文献
19.
Species immigration history can structure ecological communities through priority effects, which are often mediated by competition. As competition tends to be stronger between species with more similar niches, we hypothesize that species phylogenetic relatedness, under niche conservatism, may be a reasonable surrogate of niche similarity between species, and thus influence the strength of priority effects. We tested this hypothesis using a laboratory microcosm experiment in which we established bacterial species pools with different levels of phylogenetic relatedness and manipulated the immigration history of species from each pool into microcosms. Our results showed that strong priority effects, and hence multiple community states, only emerged for the species pool with the greatest phylogenetic relatedness. Community assembly also resulted in a significant positive relationship between bacterial phylogenetic diversity and ecosystem functions. Interestingly, these results emerged despite a lack of phylogenetic conservatism for most of the bacterial functional traits considered. Our results highlight the utility of phylogenetic information for understanding the structure and functioning of ecological communities, even when phylogenetically conserved functional traits are not identified or measured. 相似文献
20.
The rate of growth of any population is a quantity of interest in conservation and management and is constrained by biological
factors. In this study, recent data on life-history parameters influencing rates of population growth in humpback whales,
including survival, age at first parturition and calving rate are reviewed. Monte Carlo simulations are used to compute a
distribution of rates of increase (ROIs) taking into account uncertainty in biological parameter estimates. Two approaches
for computing juvenile survival are proposed, which taken into account along with other life-history data, resulted in the
following estimates of the rate of population growth: Approach A: mean of 7.3%/year (95% CI = 3.5–10.5%/year) and Approach
B: mean of 8.6%/year (95% CI = 5.0–11.4%/year). It is proposed that the upper 99% quantile of the resulting distribution of
the ROI for Approach B (11.8%/year) be established as the maximum plausible ROI for humpback whales and be used in population
assessment of the species. Possible sources of positive and negative biases in the present estimates are presented and include
measurement error in estimation of life-history parameters, changes in the environment within the period these quantities
are measured, density dependence or other natural factors. However, it is difficult to evaluate potential biases without additional
data. The methods presented in this study can be applied to other species for which life-history parameters are available
and are useful in assessing plausibility in the estimation of population growth rates from time series of abundance estimates. 相似文献