湖北省湖库洪水调蓄能力及其空间分异特征

湖泊是抵御湖区水系洪水灾害的天然屏障,而水库是现代防洪工程体系的重要组成部分,两者共同肩负着防洪减灾的重任。为探明湖北省湖库洪水调蓄能力,选取湖泊可调蓄水量、水库防洪库容作为评估指标,通过构建湖库洪水调蓄能力评估模型,分析全省湖库洪水调蓄能力及空间分异特征。结论如下：（1）湖北省湖泊、水库综合洪水调蓄量为416.02×108m3,其中湖泊可调蓄水量为79.69×108m3,水库防洪库容为336.33×108m3,分别占湖库洪水调蓄功能总量的19.16%和80.84%;（2）湖泊可调蓄水量较大的地区包括武汉、荆州、鄂州、黄石等地市以及鄂东丘陵、江汉平原,而单位面积湖泊调蓄洪水能力较强的地区为鄂州、黄石、咸宁、黄冈,其值分别为405.99×104、400.31×104、392.32×104和391.22×104m3/km2;（3）水库防洪库容较大的地区主要为鄂西山地的宜昌和十堰,分别为119.18×108m3和 103.03×108m3,占全省防洪库容总量的66.06%,而鄂州、天门和神农架水库防洪库容极小,不足全省水库总防洪库容的1%;（4）湖库综合调蓄能力空间分布特征与水库洪水调蓄能力空间分布相一致;从湖泊、水库洪水调蓄能力的构成来看,以湖泊防洪为主和以水库防洪为主的地市不相上下,水库在湖北省防洪体系中占绝对主体地位,同时湖泊也发挥着不可或缺的作用。针对湖泊萎缩、水库险病等突出问题,可以通过退田还湖、除险加固等工作提高湖库综合调洪能力。本研究可为湖北省湖库防洪建设提供科学指导。关键词： 湖泊;水库;洪水调蓄功能;空间分异;湖北省     

基于探索性数据分析的汉丰湖富营养化驱动因子研究

为了探究汉丰湖富营养化驱动因子和营养状况,基于2014年水质监测数据,应用探索性数据分析方法初步研究了汉丰湖水动力条件与环境因子的相关性、水质主成分、相关环境因子熵权和营养健康指数。回归分析结果表明：水位与透明度呈正相关,流量与DO呈负相关,与流速呈负相关的因子为Chla、CODMn、NH+4-N和DTP;主成分分析提取的3个主成分分别反映了营养盐、有机污染以及藻类信息;DO、TN和TP的熵权表明汉丰湖水体的富营养状况受制于耗氧有机污染和氮、磷营养盐;营养健康指数S1>S3>S6（湖心）>S7（湖尾）>S5（湖首）>S4>S2。汉丰湖水体营养状况介于中营养到轻富营养,其中南河营养状态较高,湖心营养程度高于湖首和湖尾。减少有机污染物、营养盐的输入和改善局部水域的水动力条件可抑制藻类生长,有利于防治富营养化。 关键词： 探索性数据分析;汉丰湖;富营养化;驱动因子;水动力条件;主成分;熵权;营养健康指数     

Technological innovation paths toward green industry in China

With the environmental carrying capacity reaching its limits and the decreasing margin benefits of traditional production factors, the green transformation and green development through technological innovations has been a major direction for the future development of Chinese industries. However, the characteristics and heterogeneities of various types of industries call for different approaches regarding technological innovations. How to choose the most effective mode of technological innovation according to the characteristics of a certain industry has been a key issue. This paper measures the green total factor productivity of 32 industrial trades using the Slacks Based Measure(SBM)-DDF method. The effects of three innovation modes in the green transformation of industrial industry, including the independent innovation(Ⅱ), the technology introduction(TI), and the government support(GS), are empirically analyzed based on industry heterogeneity. Results indicate that the green total factor productivities of different industries show significant differences if taking into account the energy input and the undesirable output of pollutant emissions. The green total factor productivities of traditional high input,high pollution, and high energy consumption industrial trades were significantly lower than those with obvious green features. The year of 2009 is a leap year for the industrial green transformation in China. For resource-intensive industries, the II and the GS are the important ways to achieve green transformation. For labor-intensive industries, the TI is the best path to achieve green transformation, while for technology-intensive industries, the II is the primary driving force for the promotion of green developments. In addition, the innovation-compensating effect of the current Chinese environmental regulations to the resource-intensive industries has been revealed. Improving the overall scale and the industrial concentration of the industries is also beneficial for the green transformation of the industries.     

Carbon trading thickness and market efficiency in a socialist market economy

Unlike the European Union emission trade system (EU ETS), China’s pilot ETSs implemented diversified policy designs instead of using a uniform framework. Variance ratio test is used to evaluate the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) in China’s carbon trading markets. The results of two versions of variance ratio tests indicate that the carbon trading market in Hubei is considered weak form efficient, and the socialist market economy does not necessarily lead to market inefficiency in carbon trading markets. Thin trading activities generate market frictions and bias the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) tests.     

Effects of Topographical Heterogeneity and Dispersal Limitation on Species Turnover in a Temperate Mountane Ecosystem: a Case Study in the Henan Province,China

Species turnover patterns can be inconsistent due to differences in the dispersal ability of different growth forms. Here, species of trees, shrubs, herbs, and bryophytes in the Xiaoqinling National Nature Reserve in China were analyzed to determine patterns of species turnover along an elevation and spatial gradient. Variance partitioning was used to assess the relative contribution of topographic heterogeneity and dispersal limitation to species turnover. Our results suggest that the effect of dispersal limitation is more important than topographic heterogeneity on species turnover in temperate mountane ecosystems in the study area. Dispersal limitation has a greater effect on trees species turnover than on shrubs, herbs or bryophytes species turnover.     

小分子有机酸对紫色土及其溶液中Pb的赋存影响

以紫色土中铅(Pb)为研究对象,采用以0.01 mol·L~(-1)硝酸钠(NaNO_3)为背景电解质的一步提取法,研究了不同浓度下乙酸,酒石酸和柠檬酸对土壤中Pb的释放作用,并通过土壤重金属形态的分步提取法和地球化学平衡软件Visual MINTEQ v3.0,进一步分析和预测了小分子有机酸作用下土壤中Pb以及土壤溶液中Pb的形态变化.在此基础上,分析了小分子有机酸对Pb作用的环境意义与环境风险.结果表明,3种小分子有机酸均显著增加了紫色土中Pb的释放量,活化效果表现为柠檬酸酒石酸乙酸.在有机酸作用下,土壤中交换态Pb总量增加,碳酸盐结合态Pb和铁锰氧化物结合态Pb总量降低;土壤溶液中Pb以有机结合态为主,占总Pb质量的45.16%~75.05%,游离态次之,占22.71%~50.25%,且随着浓度增加,柠檬酸和酒石酸作用下的土壤溶液中的游离态Pb和无机结合态Pb增加,而有机结合态Pb减少,乙酸则呈相反趋势.总体上看,小分子有机酸提高了紫色土中Pb的生物有效性,且存在地下水的淋溶风险,其中柠檬酸的淋溶风险远大于酒石酸和乙酸.     

我国不同区域玉米施肥的生命周期评价

以吉林、陕西、河南、湖南、广西等玉米主产省份为例,以生产1t玉米为评价的功能单元,应用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,比较了不同生态区玉米生产过程中施肥的资源环境影响潜力.结果表明,五省环境影响综合指数大小依次为广西0.315、湖南0.309、河南0.273、陕西0.238、吉林0.183.几种资源环境影响中,潜力大小依次是富营养化、环境酸化、温室效应、土地利用和能源消耗,其中,施用氮肥引起的氨挥发是导致富营养化和酸化的主要原因.农户间玉米施肥的资源环境影响潜力差异很大,环境影响综合指数变异范围在41.2%～81.6%之间,且以湖南省最高,吉林省最低.如果将玉米追肥由撒施都改为穴施,五省的环境影响综合指数将降低8.5%～34.1%.总体而言,在目前生产条件下,吉林省具有资源环境影响较低的优势;富营养化是最主要的环境影响类型,而改进施肥方式、减少氨挥发是降低玉米施肥资源环境影响的关键技术途径.     

Differences in rheological and fractal properties of conditioned and raw sewage sludge

Rheological tests for raw and conditioned activated sludge(AS) or anaerobic digested sludge(ADS) show that power-law relationships can be used to describe the evolution of several rheological parameters,i.e.,limiting viscosity(η∞),yield stress(τy),cohesion energy of the sludge network(Ec),and storage modulus(G’),with total suspended solid(TSS) content in raw and conditioned sludge.A gel-like structure that behaves similar to weak-link flocs/aggregates was observed in AS and ADS.As derived from the double-logarithmic plots of G’-TSS content,the mass fractal dimensions of the raw and conditioned AS or ADS flocs/aggregates were 2.70 and 2.53 or 2.85 and 2.79,respectively.The rheological tests also indicate that both polymer conditioning and increased TSS content led to improved elastic behavior,cohesion energy,and yield stress of the sludge network,as well as expanded the corresponding linear viscoelastic range.The porosity of AS or ADS flocs/aggregates will be improved by polymer conditioning.     

长三角典型村域次降雨条件下氮素非点源输出特征

研究长三角典型都市农业村镇不同土地利用下的氮素非点源输出特征,以期为治理该区域的面源污染提供科学依据.通过典型次降雨径流事件中氮形态和输出负荷变化的研究发现:监测点总氮(TN)的事件平均浓度(EMC)为20.01～22.83mg/L,其中溶解态氮(DN)占TN的比例最大;研究区非点源氮流失以溶解态为主,DN又以溶解态有机氮(DON)为主.耦合各形态氮浓度与径流量特征,发现非点源氮素输出呈现2个峰值,且出现在径流峰值之前4～55min;TN、DN和硝态氮(NO3--N)浓度随降雨时间增加呈现减少趋势;氮素负荷受其浓度和径流量的共同作用,基本上呈现与氮素浓度相同的变化特征,但起伏变化较为平缓.氮素污染负荷积累曲线分析表明,村域地表径流各形态氮素均存在初期冲刷效应.     

某些芳香化合物生物降解性研究

研究了５类３２种芳香化合物生物降解性，选用城市污水场污泥富集的混合菌种做菌源，在好氧生物解实验条件下，苯甲酸类、苯酚类和甲苯是较容易降解的；苯和苯的同系物是可生物降解的；苯磺酸类和含氮芳氮芳香化合物均是难降解的。