The longitudinal dependence of black carbon concentration on traffic volume in an urban environment

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of traffic volume on ambient black carbon (BC) concentration in an inner-city neighborhood "hot spot" while accounting for modifying effects of weather and time. Continuous monitoring was conducted for 12 months at the Baltimore Traffic Study site surrounded by major urban streets that together carry over 150,000 vehicles per day. Outdoor BC concentration was measured with an Aethalometer; vehicles were counted pneumatically on two nearby streets. Meteorological data were also obtained. Missing data were imputed and all data were normalized to a 5-min observational interval (n = 105,120). Time-series modeling accounted for autoregressively (AR) correlated errors. This study found that outdoor BC was positively correlated at a statistically significant level with neighborhood-level vehicle counts, which contributed at a rate of 66 +/- 10 (SE) ng/m3 per 100 vehicles every 5 min. Winds from the SW-S-SE quarter were associated with the greatest increases in BC (376-612 ng/m3). These winds would have entrained BC from Baltimore's densely trafficked central business district, as well as a nearby interstate highway. The strong influence of wind direction implicates atmospheric transport processes in determining BC exposure. Dew point, mixing height, wind speed, season, and workday were also statistically significant predictors. Background exposure to BC was estimated to be 905 ng/m3. The optimal, statistically significant representation of BC's autocorrelation was AR([1:6]) x 288 x 2016, where the short-term AR factor (lags 1-6) indicated that BC concentrations are correlated for up to 30 min, and the AR factors for lags 288 and 2016 indicate longer-term autocorrelations at diurnal and weekly cycles, respectively. It was concluded that local exposure to BC from mobile sources is substantially modified by meteorological and temporal conditions, including atmospheric transport processes. BC concentration also demonstrates statistically significant autocorrelation at several time scales.     

耐热乳杆菌的分离及在食物垃圾乳酸发酵中的应用

食物垃圾在我国城市生活垃圾中占有较大比重.发酵食物垃圾生产乳酸是实现其资源化的有效方法.从厌氧发酵的食物垃圾中分离到一株耐热乳酸菌TY50,根据形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列,确定该菌株属于乳杆菌属的干酪乳杆菌组群(Lactobacillus casei group),其最高生长温度为52℃.TY50发酵食物垃圾生产乳酸的最佳同液比为1:12,最适温度为45 ℃.在pH 5.5～6.0条件下,发酵食物垃圾产生36.29 g/L的乳酸,乳酸体积产牢和转化率(乳峻/垃圾干重)分别达到1.01 g/(L·h)和0.44.     

改性粉煤灰在酸雾治理方面的研究

为去除化工生产等过程中产生的酸雾废气,首先用水作用法、微波法和传统湿法对粉煤灰进行改性试验,结果显示:传统湿法中的碱法效果最佳,改性后粉煤灰的BET比表面积是改性前的8.23倍.再用改性后的粉煤灰与廉价易得的天然矿物沸石和熟石灰作为活性组分,制得一种新型的复合吸附剂.常温常压下,动态吸附盐酸雾,实验结果表明:由改性粉煤灰制作的吸附剂G对盐酸雾的吸附性能比未经改性的吸附剂W有所提高,在文中所述条件下,饱和吸附量由改性前的331.4 mg/g提高到改性后的445.2 mg/g.     

碱熔融法合成NaA和NaX型粉煤灰沸石的品质表征

以粉煤灰为原料采用碱熔融法合成了2种单一沸石矿物种的NaA和NaX型沸石,并对产物的结构、性能和应用指标进行了详细表征.经x射线衍射和IR光谱分析,表明合成产物是无杂晶生成的NaA和NaX型沸石相;在扫描电镜观察下,产物分别具有NaA和NaX型沸石的立方体和八面体晶体骨架结构.DTA分析表明了合成产物中沸石水的存在,且产物热稳定性较好.通过对比,粉煤灰合成的NaA和NaX型沸石的比表面积达到了相应商品沸石的66.9%和83.6%;孔容为41.1%和70.2%;阳离子交换容量(CEC,cation exchange capacity)为82.93%和84.31%.通过比较化学组成表明,大规模应用合成产物不会对环境造成危害.     

QUAL2K模型在西苕溪干流梅溪段水质模拟中的应用

QUAL2K是一维稳态水质模型,由美国环保局开发并在QUAL2E模型的基础上发展起来的.采用QUAL2K模型对西苕溪干流梅溪段的水质进行了模拟和预测.针对西苕溪的具体情况,选用COD、氨氮和总磷作为模拟预测指标,用模型率定法并参考相关文献确定了COD降解系数Kc、氨氮降解系数Kn和总磷平衡系数Kp等水质参数,并对模拟结果进行了验证,结果表明预测值和实测值的相关性较好.     

类芦对铅的耐性及富集能力探讨

通过野外调查和盆栽试验,研究了类芦(Neyraudia reynaudiana)对Pb的耐性和富集能力.研究结果表明,类芦对Pb耐受的临界浓度为800 mg/kg,在此浓度以下Pb对类芦的生长基本无抑制作用.随着处理浓度的增加,类芦生长变缓慢、出现中毒症状,但仍能存活.从富集能力来看,土壤Pb为中低浓度时,类芦的富集能力较强,但Pb浓度超过1 000 mg/kg后地上部富集量增加缓慢,而根部的含量则降低.在各种Pb处理浓度下,类芦地上部Pb含量均大于根部,说明这种植物对Pb有较好的迁移能力.研究发现,类芦具有较高的生物量,因此其地上部Pb迁移总量较高,在土壤Pb浓度为800 mg/kg时类芦地上部的迁移总量可达到221.77 mg/m2.综合分析可知,类芦对中度Pb污染土壤的植物修复具有较大的潜力.     

Non-microcystin producing Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek (Cyanobacteria) representing a main waterbloom-forming species in Chinese waters

It is well known that several morphospecies of Microcystis, such as Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Lemmermann and Microcystis viridis (A. Brown) Lemmermann can produce hepatotoxic microcystins. However, previous studies gave contradictory conclusions about microcystin production of Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek. In the present study, ten Microcystis morphospecies were identified in waterblooms of seven Chinese waterbodies, and Microcystis wesenbergii was shown as the dominant species in these waters. More than 250 single colonies of M. wesenbergii were chosen, under morphological identification, to examine whether M. wesenbergii produce hepatotoxic microcystin by using multiplex PCR for molecular detection of a region (mcyA) of microcystin synthesis genes, and chemical analyses of microcystin content by ELISA and HPLC for 21 isolated strains of M. wesenbergii from these waters were also performed. Both molecular and chemical methods demonstrated that M. wesenbergii from Chinese waters did not produce microcystin.     

Seasonal and spatial occurrence and distribution of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rural and urban areas of the North Chinese Plain

Passive air sampling (PAS) was employed to study the occurrence of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs in the North Chinese Plain. The averaged concentrations of gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were 485 ± 209 ng/m³ and 267 ± 161 ng/m³, respectively. The PAHs concentrations at urban sites were generally higher than those at rural ones with ratios <1.5 in spring, summer and fall, but differences between them were not significant for the wintertime and annually averaged concentrations. This urban-rural distribution pattern was related to the PAHs emission sources. PAHs spatial variation can be partially (49%) explained by emission with a simple linear regression method. Both the gaseous and particle-bound PAHs were highest in winter and lowest in summer, with winter/summer ratios of 1.8 and 8, respectively. Emission strength was the most important factor for the seasonality.     

反硝化除磷菌驯化富集方式的探讨

以SBR反应器分别采用一段式和二段式培养方法对反硝化除磷菌进行了驯化富集.结果表明,一段式和二段式培养方法驯化完成后的活性污泥沉降性能均较好,污泥体积指数(SVI)分别约为60、50 mL/g,反硝化除磷菌占聚磷菌的比例达到了77%和71%.两种培养方法下反硝化除磷菌PO3-4-P去除率和脱氮率分别达到了97%和95%以上,缺氧结束时水中PO3-4-P质量浓度小于1 mg/L.驯化完成后污泥的含磷率最高达到了3.7%(质量分数).因此,采用一段式或二段式驯化方法均能实现反硝化除磷菌的有效富集.     

CO2捕集回收技术研究

主要介绍了常用的胺化合物吸收法、钙基吸收剂法、金属氧化物法等CO2捕集回收技术的最新研究进展及存在的问题,综合对比了各种方法的优缺点:胺化合物吸收法吸收速率快,但再生能耗较高,因此开发"高效低耗"的复合吸收剂成为研究的重点;钙基吸收剂法在高温环境下对CO2的吸收有较好的效果,但吸收剂的碳酸化转化率及热稳定性是有待解决的关键问题;金属氧化物法具有高的CO2吸收效率,但成本较高.在此基础上,探索了CO2捕集回收技术改进工艺,提出改善吸收剂性能、开发高效低耗的CO2选择性吸收剂将成为今后CO2捕集回收技术的研究方向.