2013-2017年成都冬季空气质量状况改善评估

利用2013—2017年冬季成都市国家环境监测子站PM_(2.5)小时数据,结合MICAPS常规气象观测数据及ERA-interim再分析资料,对成都市2013—2017年冬季空气质量状况、气象条件及近10年大气扩散能力进行综合评估.结果发现,2013—2017年成都冬季12月末—1月初易发生持续性重污染事件,2015—2017年冬季持续性重污染事件总天数较2013—2014年有所减少,2013年冬季PM_(2.5)浓度值最高,达到(149.3±72.2)μg·m~(-3),2015年最低((80.7±44.1)μg·m~(-3)),5年内冬季PM_(2.5)浓度值呈波动下降趋势,下降率为9.65%,成都市冬季空气质量状况总体有所改善.2013—2017年成都冬季日降水量清除率表明,大于1 mm的降水对PM_(2.5)有明显清除作用,而弱风和低边界层(加权平均)对PM_(2.5)的累积效应显著,2013和2016年空气质量较差由于累积气象主控导致,2015年空气质量较优是由于清除气象主控.综合PM_(2.5)浓度、边界层高度、地面风速和降水等因子,使用2498个有效样本构建成都地区冬季空气停滞气象条件阈值经验公式,为地面风速小于2.2 m·s~(-1)、边界层高度小于520 m且无有效降水(日降水量1 mm).以2015年冬季大气扩散条件为基准,量化同等扩散条件下减排对PM_(2.5)的影响,结果显示减排有效,但近10年成都地区大气扩散能力有所下降,说明今后大气污染防控将面临更大的挑战.     

几种多环芳烃的植物吸收作用及其对根系分泌物的影响

采用水培试验方法,以多年生黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)为供试植物,研究了芘、菲、苊和萘的植物吸收作用及其对根系分泌物的影响.结果表明,黑麦草能明显吸收富集多环芳烃(PAHs);随培养液中PAHs浓度的升高,其在黑麦草根和茎叶中的含量增大,且根的PAHs含量、富集系数要远大于茎叶.芘、菲、苊、萘污染胁迫下,黑麦草根系分泌物中可溶性有机碳、草酸和可溶性总糖的含量均高于无污染对照.供试污染浓度范围内,随着培养液中菲、苊、萘浓度提高,可溶性有机碳、草酸及可溶性总糖的分泌量增大;但在芘胁迫下,与污染对照相比,分泌量的增加幅度随着芘浓度的升高则呈先增大后减小的趋势.在较低污染强度下,供试PAHs对根系分泌物的促分泌效应由强到弱依次为芘、菲、苊和萘.4种PAHs对可溶性糖类的促分泌作用最强,其分泌量的增加幅度明显大于可溶性有机碳和草酸.     

Binding of phthalates with nuclease increases DNA enzymatic degradation and implication for antibiotic resistance

Environmental Chemistry Letters - The overuse of antibiotics has widely induced the development of antibiotic resistance in pathogens and, in turn, has induced the inefficiency of antibiotic drugs,...     

CuO/ZnO复合光催化剂降解海水养殖废水中盐酸四环素

为降解海水养殖废水中盐酸四环素,采用沉淀法自制CuO/ZnO复合光催化剂。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、紫外—可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)等表征手段对其进行表征,得到CuO/ZnO复合光催化剂的粒径、外貌特征以及光吸收范围。可见光照射下,考察了CuO/ZnO复合光催化剂投加量、煅烧温度、掺杂比(ZnO和CuO摩尔比)、过氧化氢浓度、反应时间以及盐酸四环素初始浓度6项因素对光催化降解海水养殖废水中盐酸四环素的影响。通过正交试验得到CuO/ZnO复合光催化剂降解盐酸四环素的优化反应条件为:海水养殖废水中含有的盐酸四环素初始质量浓度为0.025g/L,过氧化氢质量浓度为0.5g/L,掺杂比为10∶1,煅烧温度为550℃,CuO/ZnO复合光催化剂投加量为0.15g/L,可见光下反应3.5h。在此条件下海水养殖废水中盐酸四环素的平均去除率可达93.01%。     

磁性纳米复合物非均相类Fenton反应催化降解罗丹明B

以锰锌铁氧体Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4(Fe-MNPs)为磁核,利用正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)水解制备得到可磁分离的"核-壳"结构纳米复合物Mn0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4@Si O2(Si-Fe-MNCs),并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对Si-Fe-MNCs进行了表征.同时,以难生物降解染料罗丹明B(Rh B)为目标污染物,利用Si-Fe-MNCs催化过氧化氢降解Rh B,考察了不同体系、过氧化氢用量、催化剂投加量及温度等对催化活性的影响.结果表明,当温度为303 K,催化剂用量为0.5 g·L-1,过氧化氢(质量分数15%)加入量为4 m L,Rh B(20 mg·L~(-1))加入量为50 m L时,H2O2利用率为81.3%,罗丹明B降解率为95%,CODC r去除率为98.0%;自由基验证实验及XPS表征结果表明,Rh B与Si-Fe-MNCs催化H2O2产生的·OH反应而得以降解,该反应为固液界面催化反应,FeMNPs中存在的氧空位对催化反应起到协同强化作用.     

我国城镇污水处理厂运行效率评价

污水处理厂运行效率的定量评价是当前污水处理行业管理需要解决的问题,效率研究将有助于政府制订合理政策以促进污水处理厂的发展. 基于全要素生产框架,采用DEA(数据包络分析)方法构建了污水处理厂运行效率评价模型,以固定资产总额、年运行费用、污水处理人员数和年耗电量为投入变量,以污水年处理量、BOD₅和氨氮削减量为产出变量,对2013年我国74座排放标准为一级A且处理工艺相同的城镇污水处理厂作为样本进行效率评价,基于评价结果,对运行效率和污水厂处理规模之间的关系进行检验,并对样本的投入冗余和产出不足情况进行定量分析. 结果显示:有20个样本的运行效率达到相对最优,可以成为其余效率不足样本今后改进的标杆;有10个样本纯技术效率有效但规模效率无效,需要改进其规模;85.2%的DEA无效样本规模报酬为递增状态,表明我国污水处理行业整体上处于规模收益递增的发展阶段;通过KW(Kruskal-Wallis)检验发现,样本污水处理厂具有规模效应,规模越大的运行效率越高;54个DEA无效样本存在不同程度的投入冗余和产出不足,冗余率或不足率较高的样本是今后进行效率改进的重点对象.      

Could China’s long-term low-carbon energy transformation achieve the double dividend effect for the economy and environment?

Exploring the low-carbon energy transformation pathway is vital to coordinate economic growth and environmental improvement for achieving China’s carbon peak target. Three energy-target scenarios are developed in this paper, considering the targets of energy structure, electrification rate, and carbon mitigation towards 2030 announced by the Chinese government. A dynamic multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium model, CHINAGEM, is employed to examine the economic and environmental effects under different pathways of long-term low-carbon transformation. It detects that China’s energy structure would substantially transfer to the low-carbon and clean one, whereas CO₂, SO₂, and NO_X emissions in 2020–2030 would vastly abate along with all three energy-target scenarios. Different pathways would produce varying positive impacts on China’s macro-economy and achieve the different extent of double dividend effects. It is highly conceivable for China to peak its carbon emission at 12.4 GtCO₂ by 2028 if it serves the comparatively more stringent low-carbon transformation pathways.

     

Plant-accelerated dissipation of phenanthrene and pyrene from water in the presence of a nonionic-surfactant

Plant-accelerated dissipation of phenanthrene and pyrene in water in the presence of a nonionic-surfactant (Brij35) was studied. The mechanisms involved were evaluated, based on the investigation of plant uptake of these compounds from water with Brij35. The presence of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) clearly enhanced the dissipation of tested PAHs in water with 0-296 mg l(-1) Brij35. The first-order rate constants (K), calculated from the first-order kinetic models for these PAH degradation (all significant at P < 0.05, n=8), of phenanthrene and pyrene in the presence of ryegrass were 16.7-50% and 47.1-108% larger than those of plant-free treatments, whereas half-lives (T1/2) of the former were 14.3-33.4% and 32.0-52.0% smaller than the latter, respectively. However, the promotion of PAH dissipation by ryegrass was found to significantly decrease with increasing Brij35 concentrations. In the range of 0-296 mg l(-1), low concentrations (< or = 74.0 mg l(-1)) of Brij35 generally enhanced plant uptake and accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene, based on the observed plant concentrations and accumulated amounts of these chemicals from water. In contrast, Brij35 at relatively high concentrations (> or = 148 mg l(-1)) markedly restricted plant uptake of these PAHs. Plant accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene accounted for 6.21-35.0% and 7.66-24.3% of the dissipation enhancement of these compounds from planted versus unplanted water bodies. In addition, plant metabolism was speculated to be another major mechanism of plant-accelerated dissipation of these PAHs in water systems. Results obtained from this study provided some insight with regard to the feasibility of phytoremediation for PAH contaminated water bodies with coexisted contaminants of surfactants.     

多种湿地植物组合对污水中氮和磷的去除效果

通过室内静水实验,研究了再力花(Thalia dealbata)、鸢尾(Iris tectorum)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、茭白(Zizania aquatica)、睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona Georgi)、大聚藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)、马蹄莲(Zantedeschia aethiopica Spreng)7种不同生态型的湿地植物进行镶嵌组合后各组合对水体中氮、磷的去除效果.结果表明,不同生态型的湿地植物组合对污水中氮和磷的去除效果较好,8种组合中对总氮和氨氮去除效果最好的组合为睡莲+再力花(S+Z)和睡莲+马蹄莲+茭白+菖蒲(S+M+J+C),最大去除率分别为92.29%和95.50%.对总磷的去除效果最好的组合为睡莲+再力花+鸢尾(S+Z+Y),较无植物对照组的最大净化率提高了43.73%.不同水生植物组合后对氮、磷的净化效果差异较小,种湿地植物组合对总氮、氨氮和磷的去除率范围分别为83.19%～92.29%、86.50%～95.50%和85.67%～99.87%.运用隶属函数进行综合评价,筛选出对污水中氮和磷净化能力较强的组合为:睡莲+再力花(S+Z)、睡莲+马蹄莲+茭白+菖蒲(S+M+J+C)、睡莲+再力花+鸢尾(S+Z+Y)及睡莲+再力花+茭白+菖蒲(S+Z+J+C).