瑞典山区的驯鹿:放牧影响的评价

过去十年中,几例放牧引起植被退化的事件曝光已经使瑞典官方认为一些山区有过度放牧现象以及驯鹿养殖在生态学上可能并非是可持续的.我们从时间和管理角度对这些例子进行研究,进而评价放牧对瑞典山区夏季草场的影响程度.有关驯鹿种群长期动态的数据表明,上个世纪驯鹿的数量在225000头左右波动,没有变化的趋势.根据达拉纳(Dalarna)的郎格夫贾莱特(Langfjallet)和海里耶达(Harjedalen)的米塔克勒盆(Mitaklappen)的数据,对放牧影响进行了详细的讨论.我们将这些数据与近几十年养殖在生态学上似乎不可持续的挪威芬马克地区以及芬兰北部的情况进行了比较,我们的结论是大规模的驯鹿过度放牧在瑞典山区不明显.但在封闭和围栏养殖时,可见过度放牧和践踏的影响.     

Implementing EU climate and energy policies in Poland: policy feedback and reform

European Union (EU) climate/energy targets and policies are poised for the first full climate policy cycle – from adoption and implementation of the policy package for 2020, to reform for 2030. A dynamic approach to the ways in which EU policies affect policy development is developed by applying theories of domestic implementation, policy feedback and integration. Implementation experiences in Poland – the ‘least climate ambitious’ EU member state – affected Polish preferences for reformed EU policies. Existing EU policies, their ‘fit’ with Poland’s energy interests and change in anticipation of future EU policies explain much of the variation in preferences. Second, policy feedback from Poland significantly affected the EU 2030 climate and energy framework. As yet, the EU has succeeded only partly in gathering momentum through a ‘snowball’ effect whereby positive policy feedback from implementation generates further steps.     

Elemental Carbon Concentration in the Air Around Tampa Bay,Florida, 1990-1991

Elemental carbon (EC) particles have been found in the lungs of dolphins. The question arose as to whether these particles originated over land or water. This project determined the amount of EC particulate found in terrestrial air. Portions of paniculate filters and associated data collected during the period from January 1990 through December 1991 were provided by the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation. Using reflectance spectroscopy and laboratory-generated standards, atmospheric concentrations of EC and TSP were determined. This paper addresses the data from those counties which surround Tampa Bay.

In the spring of 1992, a television news station reported that researchers at Mote Marine Institute had found black carbon particulates in the lungs of dolphins (reported as “...dolphins with Black Lung Disease..."). The dolphins were found in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Florida.1 In discussions with a principal investigator of the dolphin study, the question arose as to whether these particulates came from urban or marine sources. No comprehensive investigation of soot concentrations in the air over Florida had been made. This study reports the elemental carbon (EC) content of urban particulate matter in the Tampa Bay region, where the affected dolphins were discovered between 1988 and 1990 (Sarasota County). This is the first step toward answering whether urban concentrations of EC were sufficient to contribute measurably to the EC found in the marine environment. Future efforts will address marine concentrations and sources of EC.

Elemental carbon, commonly termed “soot,” is a product of incomplete combustion. Common urban sources of EC in particulate matter include both mobile sources (diesel-powered buses, cars, and trucks) and point sources (incinerators, power plants and home heating units). The State of Florida operates environmental monitoring stations in selected municipalities around the state. At these stations, which were sited according to EPA requirements², Total Suspended Particulate (TSP) samples were collected using the accepted methods.³ These samples were suitable for EC analysis. Samples collected in the Tampa Bay region in 199b and 1991 were analyzed for EC content using reflectance spectroscopy. EC concentrations were calculated in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m³).     

Community-based energy policy: A practical approach to carbon reduction

Whilst the existence of global climate change is no longer seriously contested and most governments are seeking to adopt appropriate responses, the rate of engagement with these measures is slow. Top-down policies and reliance on market mechanisms are failing to produce the reductions in energy demand and shifts away from fossil fuel reliance that are required. This paper outlines an example of a research programme that seeks to deliver more rapid change. It focuses on the potential for carbon emission reduction in a deprived community in South Yorkshire, UK, and reports on an approach that could be replicated elsewhere. The method includes estimation of baseline energy demand, energy efficiency potential and renewable energy resource assessment as a precursor to action. An innovative community-based energy service company is described and the benefits of a community-based bottom-up approach to carbon reduction are outlined.     

Hydrology and Water Budget for a Forested Atlantic Coastal Plain Watershed,South Carolina1

Abstract: Increases in timber demand and urban development in the Atlantic Coastal Plain over the past decade have motivated studies on the hydrology, water quality, and sustainable management of coastal plain watersheds. However, studies on baseline water budgets are limited for the low‐lying, forested watersheds of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The purpose of this study was to document the hydrology and a method to quantify the water budget of a first‐order forested watershed, WS80, located within the USDA Forest Service Santee Experimental Forest northeast of Charleston, South Carolina. Annual Rainfall for the 2003 and 2004 periods were 1,671 mm (300 mm above normal) and 962 mm (over 400 mm below normal), respectively. Runoff coefficients (outflow as a fraction of total rainfall) for the 2003 and 2004 periods were 0.47 and 0.08, respectively, indicating a wide variability of outflows as affected by antecedent conditions. A spreadsheet‐based Thornthwaite monthly water balance model was tested on WS80 using three different potential evapotranspiration estimators [Hamon, Thornthwaite, and Penman‐Monteith (P‐M)]. The Hamon and P‐M‐based methods performed reasonably well with average absolute monthly deviations of 12.6 and 13.9 mm, respectively, between the measured and predicted outflows. Estimated closure errors were all within 9% for the 2003, 2004, and seasonal water budgets. These results may have implications on forest management practices and provide necessary baseline or reference information for Atlantic Coastal Plain watersheds.     

Book reviews

French Land Use Planning in the Fifth Republic: Real or imagined decentralisation?

Irene B. Wilson, Nijmeegse Planologische Cahiers No. 27, Geografisch en Planologisch Instituut, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, Netherlands, 1988. 228pp. ISBN 90–70219–23–9.

Environmental and Resource Economics: an Introduction

Common, M. (1988). Longman i‐xiv 1–319.

The Greening of Aid: Sustainable Livelihoods in Practice.

C. Conroy & M. Litvinoff (Eds.) Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, 1989, pp.293, £8.95 (pb).

Private Supply of Public Services: Evaluation of Real Estate Exactions, Linkage, and Alternative Land Policies.

Rachelle Alterman (Ed), New York University Press, 1988. 273pp, ISBN 0–8147–0589–8.

City Politics

Hegemonic Projects and Discourse, by Maarten A. Hajer, published by Avebury Press, the Gower Publishing Company Ltd 1989, 140 pp.

The Genius Of The Place

The English Landscape Garden 1620–1820

John Dixon Hunt and Petér Willis. Price £12.50 (Paperback) & £26.95 (Cloth). M.I.T. Press.

Vacationscape

Designing Tourist Regions — 1988 2nd Ed.

Clare A. Gunn, New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, $34.95 (cloth)

Loft Living — Culture and Capital in Urban Change

Sharon Zukin. Published, British Edition ‘Radius (Century Hudson) London, 1988 Price £8.95.

First Pub. U.S. John Hopkins University Press, 1982. Note: The British Edition has an added Chapter ’More Market Forces’.

William Kent Landscape Garden Designer

John Dixon Hunt. A. Zwemmer Ltd London. 1987, 176pp.

The Pattern of Landscape

Sylvia Crowe and Mary Mitchell (1988). Packard Publishing Ltd, Chichester. 127pp, 161 photographs. Price £30. ISBN 185341 020.

International Environmental Diplomacy

Edited by J. E. Carroll     

METHOD TO IDENTIFY EFFECTWE RIPARIAN BUFFER WIDTHS FOR ATLANTIC SALMON HABITAT PROTECTION1

ABSTRACT: Successful restoration of declining anadromous species is dependent upon effective riparian buffer zone management. Natural resource managers, policy developers and local conservation groups require science‐based information concerning the width at which a given buffer will be effective for its stated purpose. This paper summarizes a method developed in 1999 to determine effective riparian buffer widths for Atlantic salmon habitat protection as part of the Atlantic Salmon Conservation Plan for Seven Maine Rivers. A major assumption of the method is that no two buffers are alike with respect to their effectiveness and that various buffer characteristics dictate the required width for a given level of effectiveness. The method uses a predictive model that generates suggested riparian buffer widths as a function of specific, measurable buffer characteristics (such as slope, soil characteristics, and plant community structure and density) that affect buffer function. The method utilizes a variable‐width, two‐zone approach and specifies land uses that are consistent with desired buffer function within the two zones.