小流域土地利用结构对氮素输出的影响

以丹江口库区的胡家山小流域为研究区,以资源二号卫星影像图为底图,通过实地调查获取胡家山小流域土地利用图,利用ArcGIS的水文模拟、空间分析模块提取15个集水区,并分析其土地利用结构.根据2008年1～12月各个集水区的出口的总氮、硝态氮浓度的监测数据,定量地分析土地利用结构对氮素输出时空变化的影响.结果表明,胡家山小流域内旱地、居民地对氮素输出起显著源作用,与TN、NO-3-N的Pearson相关系数分别为0.869、0.856和0.826、0.867.林地、疏林地、草地等对氮素输出起汇作用,其中林地、草地汇作用显著,与TN、NO-3-N的Pearson相关系数分别为-0.820、-0.851和-0.602、-0.518.土地利用结构是氮素输出空间变化的关键因素,土地利用类型的空间分布使得汇土地利用类型旱地、居民地对小流域氮素输出影响最大;在不同时间尺度上,土地利用结构对氮素输出浓度影响有所不同.年度上,对氮素输出影响最大的是旱地,季节上,春、夏、秋、冬四季对氮素输出影响最大的分别是旱地、居民地、居民地、旱地;土地利用结构对氮素输出浓度的影响受到降雨、气温、人为等因素的作用.     

Effect of organic matter on phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge subjected to microwave hybrid pretreatment

Microwave (MW) hybrid processes are able to disrupt the flocculent structure of complex waste activated sludge, and help promote the recovery of phosphorus as struvite. In this study, to optimize struvite yield, (1) the characteristics of matter released in MW-hybrid treatments were compared, including MW, MW-acid, MW-alkali, MW-H₂O₂, and MW-H₂O₂-alkali. The results showed that selective release of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, Ca^2 +, and Mg^2 + achieved by sludge pretreatment using MW-hybrid processes. MW-H₂O₂ is the recommended sludge pretreatment process for phosphorus recovery in the form of struvite. The ratio of Mg^2 +:NH₄⁺-N:PO₄^3 −-P was 1.2:2.9:1 in the supernatant. (2) To clarify the effects of organic matter on struvite recovery, the composition and molecular weight distribution of organic matters were analyzed. Low molecular weight COD was found to facilitate the removal rate of NH₄⁺-N and PO₄³-P via crystallization, and the amorphous struvite crystals (< 1 kDa) from the filtered solutions had high purity. Therefore, the present study reveals the necessity of taking into consideration the interference effect of high molecular weight organic matters during struvite crystallization from sewage sludge.     

位阻胺混合甘氨酸盐溶液吸收CO2的研究

在双搅拌反应釜中研究了位阻胺2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇(AMP)与甘氨酸钠(SG)混合溶液吸收CO2的性能.实验温度293~313K,混合溶液的浓度为AMP(1.5kmol/m3)+SG (0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8kmol/m3),SG浓度每增加0.2kmol/m3,200min内的平均吸收速率分别提高11.47%,10.07%,9.18%和5.33%.与AMP单一溶液相比,混合溶液在200 min时的吸收容量增加了11.5%~41.1%.在293~313K,吸收速率随温度上升而提高.使用加热的方法进行再生实验,得到1.5 kmol/m3 AMP + 0.6 kmol/m3 SG混合液的最适再生温度为378K.AMP + SG混合溶液的再生效率高于单一SG溶液及AMP + MEA/DEA混合溶液.     

软土地区高墩梁桥抗震支座选型及横向约束构造研究∗

为了研究软土地区地震作用下高墩先简支后桥面连续梁桥的支座选型及横桥向抗震约束问题,选取了普通板式橡胶支座、钢阻尼滑板支座、LNR 橡胶支座和 HDR 高阻尼支座四种支座类型,以软土地区某(4×30)m 跨径高墩先简支后桥面连续梁桥为例,进行了延性抗震体系和减隔震体系抗震设计对比以及设置挡块的横桥向抗震约束效果研究。结果表明：软土地区高墩先简支后桥面连续梁桥墩柱配筋率主要由 E1 地震作用下墩底截面偏心受压检算工况决定,采用减隔震体系并不能降低桥墩配筋率。通过对采用四种不同支座桥梁的内力、墩梁相对位移以及配筋率方面综合分析可知,软土地区高墩先简支后桥面连续梁桥的周期较长,这类桥梁抗震关键问题是防止落梁、减小墩顶位移。采用普通板式橡胶支座并合理的设计纵横向防落梁装置的延性抗震体系更适宜于软土地区高墩梁式桥,合理设计抗震挡块可以起到很好的横向约束作用,避免横向落梁的发生。     

Evidence on the causes of the rising levels of CODMn along the middle route of the South-to-North Diversion Project in China: The role of algal dissolved organic matter

As the biggest inter-basin water transfer scheme in the world,the South-to-North Water Diversion Project（SNWD） was designed to alleviate the water crisis in North China.The main channel of the middle route of the SNWD is of great concern in terms of the drinking water quality.In this study,we tested the hypothesis that the dissolved organic matter（DOM） derived from the planktonic algae causes the rising levels of COD_Mn along the middle route by monitoring data on water quality（2015-20...     

黄土丘陵区坡面水蚀对降雨和下垫面微观格局的响应

黄土高原严重的土壤侵蚀是降雨和复杂脆弱的下垫面共同作用的结果.以微型小区尺度上(1.2 m×1.2 m;2 m×1.2m)模拟降雨技术为基本研究手段,定量刻画了降雨量和降雨强度等基本降雨特征值对定西安家沟自然坡面上荒草、沙棘中位、沙棘下位、沙棘上位、结皮裸地和裸地等不同植株微观格局及其处理下的水蚀过程的影响.主要取得以下结果:①雨强和雨量对水蚀的发生均能产生显著影响,但以雨强的影响力更大;②前期土壤含水量与产流时间显著负相关,而与径流量和侵蚀量显著正相关.前期含水量相同时,不同植株微景观格局对产流时间发挥了关键作用;③不同植株及其微观格局遏制地表径流的能力迥异.在50～60 mm.h-1的大雨强作用下,有沙棘覆盖的小区径流系数仅为5%～8%,荒草地为25%,结皮裸地为45%,而裸地则高达63%;④有沙棘覆盖的小区中,沙棘在小区中所处的具体位置对于水土流失效应又极为重要,以沙棘下位的水土保持效果最好.     

镍基催化剂对污泥微波热解制生物气效能的影响

为实现污水污泥减量化、无害化及资源化的目标,在微波热解污水污泥基础上,进行了镍基催化剂对制取生物气效能影响的研究。采用元素分析对污泥元素进行检测,气/质联用分析(GC-MS)和气相色谱(GC)对热解生物气的组成和含量进行测定。实验结果表明,镍基催化剂的添加对微波热解污水污泥制取生物气有较大促进作用。5%添加量与800℃热解终温条件下具有最佳催化效果:生物气中H2、CO产量最大,H2产量由29 g/kg增加到35.8 g/kg,提升23.4%,CO产量由302.7 g/kg增加到383.3 g/kg,提升26.6%;同时催化剂还能提高热能利用效率,降低热解终温,即5%添加量在700℃热解终温时可达到空白800℃时的产气效果;镍基催化剂主要在500~600℃时发挥催化作用,加快了H2和CO的释放。微波热解污泥制取的生物气具有产量大、富含H2与CO等优点,可推动污水污泥的资源化进程。     

Photodegradation mechanism of two dyes: the influence of adsorption behavior on the novel TiO2 particles

The relationship between adsorption behavior and photocatalytic mechanism of the two dyes was investigated. Adsorption isotherms showed that the adsorption of cationic pink FG was Langmuir type behavior, while the reactive brilliant red k-2G was Freundlich type behavior. The increasing pH favored the adsorption of FG but have little effect on the photodegradation. The increasing pH favored the adsorption and the photodegradation of k-2G. The presence of scavenger of hvb^ and OH. radical potassium iodide inhibited the degradation of k-2G, free radicals scavenger tetranitromethane inhibited the photodegradation of FG. These results indicated that the photodegradation of FG mainly via free radicals in solution, and the photodegradation of k-2G was mainly on the catalysts surface or near the interface of solid and solution by react with hvb^ and surface-bound OH.. The different effect of SO4^2- , HCO3^- on the adsorption and photodegradation of two dyes confirmed these results.     

餐厨垃圾混菌发酵制备燃料乙醇

以校园餐厨垃圾为原料,利用根霉和枯草芽胞杆菌进行糖化预处理,再接种啤酒酵母发酵产乙醇。通过单因素实验,以乙醇产量为响应值,对发酵条件进行优化。实验结果表明:乙醇产量最佳的发酵条件为:当底料含水率为22.79%,啤酒酵母接种量为15%,30℃培养条件下,经过5 d发酵,乙醇产量最高可达到6.67%。选用餐厨垃圾丰富了燃料乙醇的取材途径,实现了原材料的多元化,采用微生物预降解原材料为实现高产乙醇奠定了基础。     

黄土残塬区不同种植类型下耕地土壤肥力与经济效益耦合关系研究

塬地农田作为黄土高原地区发展种植业的最佳区域,近年来由于人类对农业种植类型的不合理选择,使得该区域土壤保肥持水的水平降低,且已对作物生长及农业经济发展产生严重威胁,故本文旨在研究该区域不同种植类型下耕地土壤肥力和经济效益耦合关系,从而选取合适的种植类型。本研究选取晋西南塬地四种典型样地类型(玉米、棉花、马铃薯、荒地)为研究对象,对2019年、2020年全生育期(3—10月)土壤肥力及产值产量进行测定,基于实验数据采用耦合协调度模型综合分析各作物种植下肥力、经济效益状况及耦合协调度。结果表明：(1)不同种植类型下土壤肥力有显著差异,其中马铃薯种植下土壤肥力最高;(2)不同生育期土壤肥力变化有异,除土壤含水量外各肥力指标在快速发育期含量最高而生长中期显著降低,土壤含水量在快速发育期含量最低;(3)各土壤肥力指标含量在20—40 cm土层较高,土壤含水量在0—20 cm土层含量较低;(4)各种植类型下经济效益排序为棉花>马铃薯>玉米>荒地,其中棉花经济效益分别为马铃薯、玉米和荒地的1.17倍、1.36倍和3.40倍;(5)马铃薯种植下耦合协调度最高,棉花和玉米次之,荒地最低...