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911.
An active ethically conscious consumer has been acclaimed as the new hero and hope for an ethically improved capitalism. Through
consumers’ “voting” at the checkout, corporations are supposed to be held accountable for their conduct. In the literature
on political consumerism, this has mainly been approached as political participation and governance. In this article, we do
a critical review of this literature. We do so by questioning the existence of what we call a “generic active consumer model.”
At the core of this position, there is a belief that the active consumer is a universal entity, available across nations and
time. Instead we call for an approach that takes accord of the ways consumers and consumer roles are framed in interactive
processes in markets, governance structures, and everyday life. Consumers in different countries assess their responsibilities
and their powers as consumers differently due to different institutionalizations within distinctive contexts. We also must take into account how the inertia
of ordinary consumption and the moral complexities of everyday life restrict the adoption of an active consumerist role. Hence,
the debate on political consumerism should make for a more realistic notion of ethical consumer-sovereignty and its role in
improving the workings of capitalism. In our view, these findings have severe implications for understanding both theories
of political consumption and the dynamics of political consumption per se. 相似文献
912.
913.
914.
Katia Vangelova Michel Israel Desimira Velkova Michaela Ivanova 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(4):551-555
The aim of this paper is to study the effect of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on the excretion rates of stress hormones
of medical staff in physiotherapy. The excretion rates of stress hormones cortisol, adrenaline and noradrenaline were followed
during morning shift in 15 female physiotherapists using RIA kits and a spectrofluorimetric method. The mean number of treatments
with EMR emitting devices per month and the emission of each device was assessed. A control group of nurses, matched by age,
sex and work task was used. The psychosocial factors were evaluated and no differences between the two groups was found. Calculations
of the individual EMR exposure show levels above the ICNIRP guidelines. Significantly higher excretion rates of cortisol,
adrenaline and noradrenaline among the studied physiotherapists in comparison with the control group of nurses were found.
In conclusion, our data showed that EMR influenced the excretion rates of stress hormones of medical staff in physiotherapy. 相似文献
915.
An Exploration of the Value of Naturalness and Wild Nature 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ben Ridder 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(2):195-213
The source of the value of naturalness is of considerable relevance for the conservation movement, to philosophers, and to
society generally. However, naturalness is a complex quality and resists straightforward definition. Here, two interpretations
of what is “natural” are explored. One of these assesses the naturalness of species and ecosystems with reference to a benchmark
date, such as the advent of industrialization. The value of naturalness in this case largely reflects prioritization of the
value of biodiversity. However, the foundation of our understanding of naturalness is that it describes processes that are
free of human intervention. Conflict between the two interpretations of naturalness is apparent in the claim that naturalness
can be enhanced by human intervention, in the form of ecological restoration. Although naturalness in its purest form precludes
human intervention, some human activities are also apparently more natural than others. This continuum of naturalness relates
to the autonomy of the individual from abstract instrumentalism, which describes a particular form of influence ubiquitous
in contemporary society. The value of naturalness reflects both dissatisfaction with these threats to personal autonomy, and
respect for wild nature as the embodiment of a larger-than-human realm. 相似文献
916.
Başak K. Taşeli 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(3):315-327
Environmental pollution and degradation of ecosystems considerably affect the natural resources. The Turkish Government is
aware of the importance of the preservation of natural ecology and thereby the environmental conservation of many species
in their natural habitat. This paper provides critical assessments of the problems and possible solutions in the identification,
implementation and management of the Specially Protected Areas (SPAs) system by giving basic information about stakeholders
and their responsibilities that currently offer nature conservation in Turkey. The goals of the article are to analyze how
the SPAs interface with the local people, especially the villagers who have dwelt there before SPA designation and how people-SPA
conflicts resolved; to show how effective the SPA conservation objectives have been; to outline the significance of informing
and empowering people in nature conservation for the protected area management and to show the importance of planning at all
levels during protection of the natural, archeological and cultural values of the SPAs. 相似文献
917.
Ben A. Minteer Elizabeth A. Corley 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(4):307-333
Few disputes in the annals of US environmentalism enjoy the pedigree of the conservation-preservation debate. Yet, although
many scholars have written extensively on the meaning and history of conservation and preservation in American environmental
thought and practice, the resonance of these concepts outside the academic literature has not been sufficiently examined.
Given the significance of the ideals of conservation and preservation in the justification of environmental policy and management,
however, we believe that a more detailed analysis of the real-world use and understanding of these ideas is needed. In this
paper, we describe the results of a qualitative, semantic study of the concepts of conservation and preservation undertaken
in the context of the Chattahoochee National Forest (CNF), located in northern Georgia (USA). Thirty in-depth interviews were
conducted with scientists and north Georgia residents either interested or involved in the future management of the forest.
Respondents were asked to define conservation and preservation in their own words and to indicate which approach they felt
was more appropriate for the management of the CNF. Qualitative content analysis was used to elicit a set of recurring themes
for each foundational concept. Taken together, these themes help to flesh out the meaning of conservation and preservation
for citizens and scientists today, and illustrate the evolving nature of two of the more significant and venerable ideas animating
US environmental policy and management. 相似文献
918.
The microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics of the drinking water supplied by the Central Borehole at the University
of Benin, Ugbowo Campus were investigated. The investigation entailed assessment of the pH, turbidity, total suspended solids,
total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, conductivity, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulphate, chloride,
N-nitroso compounds, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc, manganese, iron, coliform count, BOD5 and COD of the water at the Central Borehole and at ten residential quarters. The assessment indicated that the water was
fit for drinking and other domestic applications. Results were also compared with WHO, EU and Nigeria FEPA standards. The
results showed that the pH values of the water (5.01–5.86) and total coliform count (1–2/100 ml) expressed as MPN were outside
the limits set by the WHO, EU and FEPA. The data also showed that the other water quality parameters assessed were within
WHO, EU and FEPA permissible limits. The results of ANOVA showed that significant changes occurred during distribution. 相似文献
919.
Marko S. Markov 《The Environmentalist》2007,27(4):465-475
Magnetic and electromagnetic fields are now recognized by the 21st century medicine as real physical entities that promise
the healing of various health problems, even when conventional medicine has failed. Today magnetotherapy provides a non-invasive,
safe, and easy method to directly treat the site of injury, the source of pain and inflammation, and other types of diseases
and pathologies. Millions of people worldwide have received help in treatment of musculoskeletal system, as well as pain relief.
Pulsed electromagnetic fields are one important modality in magnetotherapy and recent technological innovations, such as Curatron
pulsed electromagnetic field devices, offer excellent, state of the art computer controlled therapy system. In this article
the development, state of the art and future of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy are discussed. 相似文献
920.
Ellen-Marie Forsberg 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(5):455-468
The ethical matrix approach was developed by Prof Ben Mepham and his colleagues at the University of Nottingham in the early
1990s. Since then the approach has received increasing attention and has been used by several researchers in different projects
related to assessing ethical impacts of different food production technologies and other policy options of societal concern.
The ethical matrix is sometimes understood simply as a checklist of ethical concerns, but might also be seen as a guide to
coming to conclusions on moral questions. The problem I discuss in this paper relates to how using the ethical matrix method
as a decision guide can be combined with respecting pluralism. The aim of the paper is to suggest a framework making it possible
to – at the same time – enhance public justification of judgments and respect pluralism. I argue that pluralism is fundamental
to the ethical matrix approach; I distinguish between intuitionist principled pluralism and societal value pluralism; and I show how both kinds of pluralism imply restrictions on how conclusions can be made. No substantive moral decision
principles can be allowed. Still, I argue, decision principles of a more epistemological or procedural character can be acceptable
even within pluralism. The pragmatist principle of inquiry is defended as an account of moral problem solving compatible with
both principled pluralism and value pluralism. When an ethical matrix is used within such a participatory inquiry process
substantive conclusions can be drawn. 相似文献