Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid (OA) on the immobilization of Pb(II) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(II) by KH₂PO₄, phosphate rock (PR), activated phosphate rock (APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAP) at different phosphate:Pb (P:Pb) molar ratios (0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or CaCl₂, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after 120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0.Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was < 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APRwasmost effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pbmolar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

Spatial heterogeneity of lake eutrophication caused by physiogeographic conditions: An analysis of 143 lakes in China

In order to identify the effect of geographic characteristics on the variations of nutrient concentrations and the utilization efficiency of nutrients by phytoplankton, data from 143 lakes, from 2008 to 2010, including three very different types of topography, i.e., the first topography ladder(FTL), second topography ladder(STL), and third topography ladder(TTL), were statistically analyzed. Lakes in the FTL and STL, located at high elevation(above1000 m) and low longitudes(lower than 105° E), were sporadically oligotrophic, whereas lakes in the TTL were almost all mesotrophic and eutrophic. The trophic level index(TLI)became higher with the rise of longitude. Two turning points(5 and 15°C) on the curve of TLI as function of the average annual temperature(AAT) corresponded with the AAT in different lake regions in the STL and TTL. Because the responses of TLI to AAT differ significantly, there were variations of nutrient and algal biomass concentrations in different lake regions in the same type of topography ladder. According to the differences in utilization efficiency of total nitrogen or total phosphorus by phytoplankton, China could be partitioned into six lake regions. Scientific nutrient criteria for each lake region shall be established considering these differences in China.     

基于MODIS的湖南省农业干旱监测模型

诸多遥感干旱监测指数已被成功应用于中国北方地区,但在南方湿润地区的应用则相对较少。以湖南省为研究区,结合遥感(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)技术,利用MODIS增强植被状态指数(EVCI)和温度状态指数(TCI)的复合信息,并根据EVCI和TCI对干旱信息的敏感程度不同,赋予不同的权重值,建立干旱状态指数(DCI)遥感监测模型,并将该模型应用于湖南省农作物的旱情监测,得到了湖南省耕地旱情等级的空间分布图。通过与该省97个气象台站同期获取的综合气象干旱指数(CI)的相关分析与验证,表明DCI与CI指数的线性相关显著,EVCI和TCI的权重分别取值0.4和0.6时为最佳组合,并论证了该模型适宜南方地区的干旱监测。     

基于孔板和文丘里管复合结构空化器的空化效果数值模拟

基于计算软件Fluent,选用在低压区引入空化模型中的混合多相流模型,针对孔板和文丘里管复合空化发生器中孔板在文丘里管喉部前部、中间、后部3种结构对水力空化效果的影响进行了数值模拟计算,获得了汽含率、湍动能以及流线速度矢量分布图等数据。结果表明:文丘里管喉部夹载孔板后空化效果显著提高,而且在文丘里管后部流域中发生了二次空化;空化现象大部分发生在孔板小孔和文丘里管后部,且最高汽含率区域发生在孔板末端区域;多孔孔板置于文丘里管喉部后部时空化效果更加明显。     

Food additives for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles: a review

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Metal nanoparticles have found applications in many fields such as molecular diagnostics, electronic devices and environmental remediation. Nonetheless,...     

Factors affecting the distribution of microplastics in soils of China

● Microplastic (MP) abundance in soil of China was highly heterogeneous. ● MP abundance was higher near large rivers and central land affected by monsoons. ● MP abundance was correlated with longitude, mulching film, and average temperature. ● Factors suitable for predicting MP pollution using models were discussed. Microplastics (MPs) are found worldwide in high abundance, posing a potential threat to ecosystems. Despite the ubiquity of MPs in the environment, very little is known about the regional distribution of MPs and underlying factors affecting this distribution in the field, which likely include human activity, but also features of the environment itself. Here, out of a total of 1157 datapoints investigated in 53 Chinese studies, 9.68% datapoints were removed as outliers in the heterogeneity analysis. This review revealed that the abundance of MPs was highly heterogeneous. In addition, microplastic (MP) distribution maps based on China demonstrated that the highest abundance of MPs tended to occur near large rivers and central land affected by the intersection of two monsoons. The model-fitting and previous studies showed that MP abundance in China was correlated with longitude, agricultural mulching film usage per capita, temperature, and precipitation. However, due to the heterogeneity of MPs and the low matching degree between the current environmental data and the sampling points, this pattern was not as evident as reported in any single study. Factors affecting the distribution of MPs can not be captured by linear relationships alone, and systematic selection of suitable environmental factors and further model optimization are needed to explore the cause of MP pollution in soil. Overall, this review revealed an uneven distribution of MPs and serves as a reference for model prediction to assess and control plastic pollution in natural soil environments.     

京津唐地区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性变化研究

研究灾害脆弱性的变化有助于深入理解灾害及灾害风险的形成机制。在重新审视承灾体系统灾害脆弱性的分析层次和描述角度之后,深化了对地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性的影响因素和描述指标的再认识,完善了以主成分分析为核心技术的分析该类脆弱性时空变化的数理方法。以此为基础,以1985、1995、2000和2004年为代表时期,对京津唐地区20多年来的地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性的变化做了进一步的分析和总结。主要结论是:研究区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性20多年来的时空变化可分解为少数几种脆弱性模式的变化;1985年以来,该类脆弱性的空间分异格局整体稳定;但是,各地自身脆弱与否的程度20多年来的变化却很显著——各大中城市市区的脆弱程度显著增强,其他地区整体减弱,且变化幅度前者显著大于后者;研究区地震灾害区域宏观脆弱性的时空变化主要受该地区的人口和经济特别是工商业经济的增长、城市化发展和产业结构的调整等3方面因素所驱动。     

童装机械安全性检验与设计

本文分析了由于童装安全性不合格而被召回的案例,针对美国和欧盟的有关童装机械安全性标准,细化解析了标准中有关安全性设计的要求,以期为服装设计和生产提供参考。     

北京市水资源数据管理系统

介绍了《北京市水资源数据管理系统》的概况,以水资源、环境与社会经济活动信息为基础,采用计算机技术建立包括社会经济活动、水资源开发、城市排水、水污染环境质量等各类信息的具有空间特征的水资源宏观数据管理体系,并为政府有关部门提供可靠的决策依据。     

半导体材料生产废水中的GaAs、Ga3+和Ge4+对活性污泥核酸和氨基酸的影响

研究了GaAs、Ga³⁺、Ge⁴⁺、Hg²⁺和Cr⁶⁺对活性污泥脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)和核糖核酸(RNA)的影响,以及GaAs对活性污泥氨基酸的影响。结果表明,Hg²⁺和Cr⁶⁺主要使活性污泥中核酸的DNA含量减少,GaAs则主要使RNA含量减少,Ge⁴⁺浓度达到300ppm/g MLSS对,无论对DNA还是RNA的合成都有较强的抑制影响。低浓度的GaAs对活性污泥氨基酸含量影响不大,而GaAs浓度达360ppm/g MLSS时则使活性污泥中氨基酸含量明显减少。