Fenton体系降解水中偶氮染料的研究

研究了Fenton体系对于水溶液中偶氮染料橙G(orange G,OG)的降解,反应30 min后,在[Fe2+]0=0.1mmol/L、[H2O2]0=10 mmol/L、pH=3.0的条件下,初始浓度为20 mg/L的OG的去除率达到99%以上。与H2O2相比,OG的降解速率随着Fe2+不同投加量的变化更为敏感。Fe2+和H2O2初始浓度较高时,反应过程中的Fe2+的浓度维持在一个较低的水平,OG的降解速率较快。腐殖酸对OG在Fenton体系中的降解影响表现出明显的阻碍作用,并且随着腐殖酸浓度的增加,抑制作用越来越大。     

Acute toxicity assessment of explosive-contaminated soil extracting solution by luminescent bacteria assays

Explosive-contaminated soil is harmful to people’s health and the local ecosystem. The acute toxicity of its extracting solution was tested by bacterial luminescence assay using three kinds of luminescent bacteria to characterize the toxicity of the soil. An orthogonal test L ₁₆ (4⁵) was designed to optimize the soil extracting conditions. The optimum extracting conditions were obtained when the ultrasonic extraction time, ultrasonic extraction temperature, and the extraction repeat times were 6 h, 40 °C, and three, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results showed that the main components of the contaminated soil’s extracting solution were 2,4-dinitrotoluene-3-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-3-SO₃ ⁻); 2,4-dinitrotoluene-5-sulfonate (2,4-DNT-5-SO₃ ⁻); and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT). Compared with Photobacterium phosphoreum and Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov. is more suitable for assessing the soil extracting solution’s acute toxicity. Soil washing can remove most of the contaminants toxic to luminescent bacterium Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. Nov., suggesting that it may be a potential effective remediation method for explosive-contaminated soil.

     

科技信任、管理信任及其对公众水灾风险认知的影响——基于长江中下游的社会调查

信任和风险在一定程度上互为因果,两者通过认知行为决策及行为后果这一环节构建互馈关系。探索公众对社会减灾能力的信任及其对灾害风险认知的影响机制,有助于揭示灾害风险的潜在因素,调适风险认知与避灾行为,从而降低灾害风险。选取水灾发生频繁、强度大、防洪措施多样的长江中下游地区为研究区,运用随机抽样调查和入户访谈相结合的方式获取资料,研究公众的水灾科技信任和管理信任的水平、影响机制、动机-效应差异。主要结论有:①公众科技信任水平普遍高于管理信任。信任水平受到公众性别、年龄、灾害经历、城乡差异等因素不同程度的影响,信任具有区域共构的特点;②科技信任改变了公众水灾风险认知,加强了其灾害应对信心,降低了其对受灾风险的估测,对其避灾行为倾向影响显著,而管理信任对公众水灾风险认知及防灾备灾行为倾向的影响均不大;③信任的产生动机以认可减灾措施有用性为前提,科技减灾和管理减灾由于具有不同的减灾原理及作用时段,导致了公众的不同信任动机及其效应。     

山区公路强震灾害链影响与控制——以映卧公路为例

地震可以引发多种灾害链,尤其是强震。震区环境不同,引发的灾害链也不同。汶川特大地震发生后,映秀至卧龙公路两旁次生地质灾害尤为严重,先后多次中断震中交通生命线,严重影响公路的安全运行和灾后重建。由于山区公路环境具有特殊性,通过对震后映秀至卧龙公路边坡现场调查资料分析,山区公路强震灾害链主要可以分为公路自身系统及其灾害链和公路社会系统及其灾害链,并详细阐述了它们的形成过程和对山区公路环境的深刻影响。在此基础上,针对不同的链式影响提出了不同的灾害防治措施,以求达到断链的目的,将损失最小化。同时也为将来发生强震后山区公路的抢通与恢复重建提供一定的参考。     

Vaporization of heavy metals during thermal treatment of model solid waste in a fluidized bed incinerator

This paper investigated the volatilization behavior of heavy metals during thermal treatment of model solid waste in a fluidized bed reactor. Four metal chlorides (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) were chosen as metal sources. The influence of redox conditions, water and mineral matrice on heavy metal volatilization was investigated. In general, Cd shows significant vaporization especially when HCl was injected, while Cu and Pb vaporize moderately and Zn vaporization is negligible. Increasing oxygen concentration can lower heavy metal vaporization. Heavy metal interactions with the mineral matter can result in the formation of stable metallic species thus playing a negative effect on their behavior. However, HCl can promote the heavy metal release by preventing the formation of stable metallic species. The chemical sorption (either physical or chemical) inside the pores, coupled with the internal diffusion of gaseous metal species, may also control the vaporization process. With SO₂ injected, Cd and Pb show a higher volatility as a result of SO₂ reducing characteristics. From the analysis, the subsequent order of heavy metal volatility can be found: Cd > Cu ? Pb ? Zn.     

常规组合工艺-稳定塘-湿地系统处理印染废水

针对工业园区印染企业产生的印染废水和生活污水,采用独特的"常规组合工艺与‘植物稳定塘-人工湿地系统’联合工艺"对其进行集中统一处理,并考察了运行效果。数据结果表明,系统出水COD、BOD5、SS、色度、NH3-N和TP平均分别为63.2 mg/L、13.8 mg/L、5.0 mg/L、49倍、0.2 mg/L和0.4 mg/L,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放一级标准(GB8978-1996)。该工艺运行稳定,可有效去除废水中的COD、SS和色度,去除率均在90%以上。按日均处理量4×104m3计算,此工艺每年将削减COD排放近30万t。     

微生物燃料电池与好氧堆肥协同处理餐厨垃圾

实验主张将餐厨固体垃圾和餐厨废水分开处理,并研究微生物燃料电池(MFC)作为餐厨废水和堆肥渗滤液处理工艺的可行性,通过调节不同的有机负荷,分析其生物产电的潜力和处理效率。对于餐厨废水而言,3 000 mg/L是较为理想的处理浓度,输出电压最高,始终维持在0.5 V以上;高于此浓度时电压输出特性与底物浓度呈现反相关,输出电压略低于0.5 V。极化曲线,电化学阻抗分析等也都表明3 000 mg/L是较为理想的处理浓度。而且在各种浓度下经MFC处理后的餐厨废水去除率均在90%左右,出水COD均低于400 mg/L。至于堆肥渗滤液,虽然在产电性能、去除效果上较餐厨废水稍差一些,但整体上与餐厨废水呈现出相似的规律。以上结果表明,餐厨垃圾中的废水可以通过MFC有效的去除和实现能量的回收。     

生物法处理印染废水的研究进展

介绍了生物法在印染废水处理中的应用,主要从印染废水的水质、新旧排放标准的对比、生物法的改进及强化(包括微生物研究、生物固定化技术的开发、工艺流程的改进)、生物法研究领域的新探索(包括生物法与其他处理方法的联用、产电微生物的应用)等方面分析和总结了生物法研究的现状和存在的问题,对未来生物法发展的方向进行了初步探讨,认为生物法的深度研究及生物法与其他方法的联用探索格外重要。     

利用啤酒废水培养极大螺旋藻

利用啤酒废水培养极大螺旋藻（Spirulina maxima）。研究了初始COD、DO、氮磷元素等培养条件对藻生物量（每mL培养液中极大螺旋藻的质量,以干重计）及废水水质的影响。实验结果表明：将废水稀释至COD=700 mg/L,控制DO=2.5 mg/L,并添加氮磷元素使废水的碳氮磷质量比为225∶15∶1,培养3 d,极大螺旋藻的藻生物量可达175.55 mg/L,即每吨啤酒废水可生产极大螺旋藻175.55 g;废水中COD,TN,NH₃-N,NO₃^-,TP的去除率分别达到85.43%,94.54%,74.66%,94.53%,61.54%。利用啤酒废水培养螺旋藻在收获极大螺旋藻生物质的同时,还能对废水起到一定程度的净化作用。     

Influence of the organic loading rate on the performance and the granular sludge characteristics of an EGSB reactor used for treating traditional Chinese medicine wastewater

The effects of the organic loading rate (OLR) on the performance and the granular sludge characteristics of an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor used for treating real traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wastewater were investigated. Over 90 % of the COD removal by the EGSB reactor was observed at the OLRs of 4 to 13 kg COD/(m³ day). However, increasing the OLR to 20 kg COD/(m³ day) by reducing the hydraulic retention time (HRT 6 h) reduced the COD removal efficiency to 78 %. The volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration was 512.22 mg/L, resulting in an accumulation of VFAs, and propionic acid was the main acidification product, accounting for 66.51 % of the total VFAs. When the OLR increased from 10 to 20 kg COD/(m³ day), the average size of the granule sludge decreased from 469 to 258 μm. There was an obvious reduction in the concentration of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in the granular sludge. The visible humic acid-like peak was identified in the three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of the soluble microbial products (SMPs). The fatty acid bond, amide II bond, amide III bond, and C–H bond bending were also observed in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the SMPs. Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanococcus, and Bacteria populations exhibited significant shifts, and these changes were accompanied by an increase in VFA production. The results indicated that a short HRT and high OLR in the EGSB reactor caused the accumulation of polysaccharides, protein, and VFAs, thereby inhibiting the activity of methanogenic bacteria and causing granular sludge corruption.