环境行政合同研究

环境行政合同是适应市场契约精神的新兴的环境行政管理方式,存在诸多问题值得研究。本文分析阐述了环境行政合同的概念、特点、分类及作用,并对如何完善这一制度进行了探讨。     

青岛地区酸沉降现状的研究

青岛地区的降水酸化问题在我国北方具有一定的代表性。该研究在对青岛地区降水酸度的时空分布、酸性降水与气象条件的关系进行长期常规观测及集中综合观测,取得大量数据的基础上,重点分析了青岛地区酸沉降的现状及发展趋势。结果表明:青岛地区降水酸度和频率与SO₂环境浓度有关,SO₂浓度较高的市区降水酸度和频率亦高,市郊较低,远郊最低;降水酸度季节变化明显,冬、春季高,夏、秋季低;酸雨的发展趋势受SO₂排放量控制      

家兔接触低浓度焦炉污染物细胞遗传损伤指标的变化

将实验动物（家兔）饲养于低浓度焦炉逸散物污染的环境中（现场B（a）P浓度2～10μg/100m³）,动态观察染毒前、现场染毒二周、四周及脱离现场一周外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换（Sec）率和微核（MN）率的变化。结果显示,高SCE细胞（HFC）率在第二周即增高,到第四周SCE率均值也明显升高,但在脱离污染环境一周后可恢复到染毒前水平。MN率未显示变化。     

Long-term observation of air pollution-weather/climate interactions at the SORPES station: a review and outlook

This work presents an overall introduction to the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the Earth System–SORPES in Nanjing, East China, and gives an overview about main scientific findings in studies of air pollution-weather/climate interactions obtained since 2011. The main results summarized in this paper include overall characteristics of trace gases and aerosols, chemical transformation mechanisms for secondary pollutants like O₃, HONO and secondary inorganic aerosols, and the air pollution–weather/climate interactions and feedbacks in mixed air pollution plumes from sources like fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and dust storms. The future outlook of the development plan on instrumentation, networking and data-sharing for the SORPES station is also discussed.

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Measurement of pyrene in the gills of exposed fish using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy

A synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) method was developed for determination of pyrene in the gills of exposed fish. The wavelength differences (Δλ) of 50 nm was maintained between excitation and emission wavelengths and it was found to be suitable for the effective determination of pyrene in fish gills; the peak were observed at λ_ex 334.5 nm. Linear relationships between SFS intensity and the concentration of pyrene in n-hexane solution were established. It was demonstrated that the SFS method was effective, simple, and less expensive, providing an attractive alternative for the rapid analysis of pyrene in fish gills.     

Characteristics of oxytetracycline sorption and potential bioavailability in soils with various physical-chemical properties

Veterinary antibiotics are widely used for disease treatment, prevention and animal growth promoting. Frequent detection of veterinary antibiotics in environments, caused by land application of untreated or even treated antibiotics-containing animal wastes, has posed the growing concern of their adverse effect on natural ecosystems. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the most widely-used veterinary antibiotics in livestock industry. OTC present as a cation, zwitterions, or net negatively charged ion in soils complicates predicting its sorption characteristics and potential bioavailability and toxicity. This study was to identify soil properties influencing OTC sorption and its subsequent bioavailability in five soils with various physical-chemical properties. A solution used to determine bioavailable analytes in soils and sediments, 1 M MgCl₂ (pH 8.5), was chosen to desorb the potentially bioavailable fraction of OTC sorbed onto soils. Our results demonstrated that soils with higher illite content and permanent cation exchange capacity have higher OTC sorption capacity, but increase the availability of sorbed OTC indicated by higher release of sorbed OTC from soils into aqueous phase in 1 M MgCl₂ (pH 8.5). Reversely, soil organic matter (SOM), clay, kaolinite, variable cation exchange capacity, DCB-Fe and -Al have lower OTC sorption capacity, but decrease the release of sorbed OTC from soils into 1 M MgCl₂. These findings indicate that SOM and clay greatly influence OTC adsorption and potential availability. This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the potential bioavailability of sorbed OTC and the effects of soil properties on OTC sorption behaviors in soils.     

高效石油降解菌的筛选及其在油田废水深度处理中的应用

从石油污染的土壤和水体中富集、分离到12株高效石油降解菌,各单菌株的降油率为40．3％～57．6％,其中O—8—3、O—28—2和O—46菌可耐受40℃的温度和1．5％的盐度。经初步鉴定,这3株菌分别为假单胞菌(Pseudomonass sp．)、芽孢杆菌(Bacilluss sp．)和不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp．)。与单-O-8-3菌株相比,0-8-3／O-28-2／O-46混合菌株对石油的降解率可提高20．1％,可耐受石油类初始质量浓度从2000mg／L提高到5000mg／L。通过在实验室接种O—8—3／O—28—2／O—46混合菌株于生物反应器中处理胜利油田采油废水的试验结果表明,72h内石油污染物的降解率达96．9％,比接种自然细菌群落的降解率提高了60．7％。     

油气田环境监测数据库系统的开发及应用

“油气田环境监测数据库及应用系统”采用流行的结构化程序设计方法进行设计，利用ＦＯＸＢＡＳＥ＋２．１数据库语言、ＴｕｒｂｏＣ语言和汇编语言进行混合编程。系统已在全国２０个油气田和６个总公司直属企业的共７４个单位推广使用，提高了石油系统环境保护工作的现代化和信息化水平。总结了系统的设计开发、功能特点及推广应用情况。     

大庆油田钻井液遗传毒性试验研究

采用国家环保局《环境监测技术规范》中规定的“蚕豆根尖细胞微核技术”测试了大庆油田废钻井液、聚合物体系钻井液、三钾聚合物体系钻井液的压滤液和全泥浆的生物毒性，评价结果表明：大庆油田钻井液遗传毒性很低或基本为无遗传毒性，废钻井液除大部分回收利用外，剩余部分在井场就地掩埋处理，不会通过环境介质对人群产生致癌的潜在危险性。     

海洋石油开发中含油污水处理与溢油防治技术

海洋石油工业清洁生产的关键是防止油污染,而油污染的主要来源是日常排放的含油污水中的油及事故性溢油。首先概述了海上含油污水的处理方法及其原理,并结合实际论述了主要采用的处理工艺,并分析了各工艺技术的处理效果和存在的问题。文章还叙述了海上溢油事故及防止溢油事故发生所应采取的多方位预防措施;建立管理体系,加强管理,通过培训来提高全员操作管理水平,建立溢油处置应急计划和组织系统。在溢油控制方面建立海上溢油漂移模拟程序,对溢油进行实时监控,并对采用的溢油处理装置及方法进行了评述