庄河口湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫群落特征

分别于2013年5月、8月和11月对庄河口湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫群落分布进行调查,收集芦苇群落、狗尾草群落、圆柏群落、针叶松群落、柳树群落以及裸地土壤样本,采用淘洗-过筛-浅盘法提取土壤线虫,并应用线虫多样性指数和功能类群指数研究该区域土壤线虫群落的特征与差异。研究期间鉴定出44个属,共5895条土壤线虫。研究显示,线虫的生态指数与土壤理化指标呈显著相关,其中土壤pH值和盐度的影响最为显著,整体上呈显著负相关。不同土地利用方式下土壤线虫的群落结构均有所差异,圆柏群落样地pH值最小,且土壤线虫群落最丰富。圆柏、针叶松和柳树为人工种植的植被群落,具有相对稳定pH值,相较于其他3个群落盐度较低,所以线虫群落更加丰富。四大营养类群中捕食/杂食类群的比例高达50.6%,食真菌类群比例只有8.1%。有研究表明酸性土壤有利于食真菌线虫生长,而整个研究区域的 pH 在6.08~7.11之间,并不利于食真菌线虫生长。随着季节的变化,土壤线虫在夏季最多春季最少,分别约占总数的44.9%和23.0%。结果表明,不同季节和不同的土地利用方式对庄河口湿地土壤线虫群落有显著影响,其中不同植被所形成微环境中的pH值和盐度是影响线虫群落分布最主要的因素,为促进土壤生态系统健康发展提供科学依据。     

超滤法处理含乳化油废液

采用板框式超滤装置对钢管玫冷却用乳化油废液进行处理试验,结果表明,板框式超滤器在压力低于０．４０ＭＰａ,运行温度４０－４５℃条件下,配用ＰＳＦ超滤膜,可将乳化油废液一次连续浓缩,含油量由２％增至４０－５０％,体积２０倍,超滤平均通量５－２０Ｌ（ｍ＾２．ｈ）＾－１,渗透液中含油量降至１００ｍｇ．ｌ＾－１以下,油分截留率大于９９％,ＣＯＤ截留率大于９０％     

环境行政合同研究

环境行政合同是适应市场契约精神的新兴的环境行政管理方式,存在诸多问题值得研究。本文分析阐述了环境行政合同的概念、特点、分类及作用,并对如何完善这一制度进行了探讨。     

青岛地区酸沉降现状的研究

青岛地区的降水酸化问题在我国北方具有一定的代表性。该研究在对青岛地区降水酸度的时空分布、酸性降水与气象条件的关系进行长期常规观测及集中综合观测,取得大量数据的基础上,重点分析了青岛地区酸沉降的现状及发展趋势。结果表明:青岛地区降水酸度和频率与SO₂环境浓度有关,SO₂浓度较高的市区降水酸度和频率亦高,市郊较低,远郊最低;降水酸度季节变化明显,冬、春季高,夏、秋季低;酸雨的发展趋势受SO₂排放量控制      

家兔接触低浓度焦炉污染物细胞遗传损伤指标的变化

将实验动物（家兔）饲养于低浓度焦炉逸散物污染的环境中（现场B（a）P浓度2～10μg/100m³）,动态观察染毒前、现场染毒二周、四周及脱离现场一周外周血淋巴细胞姐妹染色单体交换（Sec）率和微核（MN）率的变化。结果显示,高SCE细胞（HFC）率在第二周即增高,到第四周SCE率均值也明显升高,但在脱离污染环境一周后可恢复到染毒前水平。MN率未显示变化。     

Long-term observation of air pollution-weather/climate interactions at the SORPES station: a review and outlook

This work presents an overall introduction to the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the Earth System–SORPES in Nanjing, East China, and gives an overview about main scientific findings in studies of air pollution-weather/climate interactions obtained since 2011. The main results summarized in this paper include overall characteristics of trace gases and aerosols, chemical transformation mechanisms for secondary pollutants like O₃, HONO and secondary inorganic aerosols, and the air pollution–weather/climate interactions and feedbacks in mixed air pollution plumes from sources like fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and dust storms. The future outlook of the development plan on instrumentation, networking and data-sharing for the SORPES station is also discussed.

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重庆酸雨地区森林生态系统土壤、植被与地表水现状分析

酸沉降现象在重庆已成为一个严重的长期环境污染问题，本文根据东亚酸雨监测网土壤、植被监测技术规范的方法-研究了酸沉降对森林生态系统土壤、地表水以及植被的影响和危害。通过对土壤的分析：3个采样点的土壤pH值较低，这可能与大气S和N的输入有关，导致了土壤酸化。而南山采样点的盐基饱和度(BS)均值少于10％，盐基离子交换量(CEC)也较低．土壤中Al^3 浓度相对较高，土壤中C／N较低，南山可能存在土壤酸度增加的危险，以及土壤中Al浓度增高并伴有S或N沉降增加的危险。对地表水分析结果表明，南山采样点地表水的酸中和能力(ANC)较大，但是该采样点土壤剖面的盐基饱和度并不高，由此可推测该地表水可能是经由盐基离子丰富的土壤或岩石径流而来。通过对植被的分析，酸雨可能对杉木和柳杉这两种酸敏感性植物有一定的危害作用。     

Measurement of pyrene in the gills of exposed fish using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy

A synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) method was developed for determination of pyrene in the gills of exposed fish. The wavelength differences (Δλ) of 50 nm was maintained between excitation and emission wavelengths and it was found to be suitable for the effective determination of pyrene in fish gills; the peak were observed at λ_ex 334.5 nm. Linear relationships between SFS intensity and the concentration of pyrene in n-hexane solution were established. It was demonstrated that the SFS method was effective, simple, and less expensive, providing an attractive alternative for the rapid analysis of pyrene in fish gills.     

Characteristics of oxytetracycline sorption and potential bioavailability in soils with various physical-chemical properties

Veterinary antibiotics are widely used for disease treatment, prevention and animal growth promoting. Frequent detection of veterinary antibiotics in environments, caused by land application of untreated or even treated antibiotics-containing animal wastes, has posed the growing concern of their adverse effect on natural ecosystems. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is one of the most widely-used veterinary antibiotics in livestock industry. OTC present as a cation, zwitterions, or net negatively charged ion in soils complicates predicting its sorption characteristics and potential bioavailability and toxicity. This study was to identify soil properties influencing OTC sorption and its subsequent bioavailability in five soils with various physical-chemical properties. A solution used to determine bioavailable analytes in soils and sediments, 1 M MgCl₂ (pH 8.5), was chosen to desorb the potentially bioavailable fraction of OTC sorbed onto soils. Our results demonstrated that soils with higher illite content and permanent cation exchange capacity have higher OTC sorption capacity, but increase the availability of sorbed OTC indicated by higher release of sorbed OTC from soils into aqueous phase in 1 M MgCl₂ (pH 8.5). Reversely, soil organic matter (SOM), clay, kaolinite, variable cation exchange capacity, DCB-Fe and -Al have lower OTC sorption capacity, but decrease the release of sorbed OTC from soils into 1 M MgCl₂. These findings indicate that SOM and clay greatly influence OTC adsorption and potential availability. This study contributes significantly to our understanding of the potential bioavailability of sorbed OTC and the effects of soil properties on OTC sorption behaviors in soils.     

含油污泥热解的影响因素初探＊

以含油污泥"无害化"为目的,考察了温度、升温速率及含水率对热解反应效果的影响。实验结果表明:温度越高,热解剩余残渣率和残渣含油率越低,热解产气率越高;含油污泥中有机质发生热解反应的主要温度为350～500℃和575～625℃,若热解残渣含油率控制在3.0‰以下,热解温度选择600℃较为适宜;升温速率对热解产气率、剩余残渣率和残渣含油率基本无影响,但升温速率越快,热解反应的产气量曲线峰越向前迁移,热解反应的时间缩短;含油污泥含水率越低,则热解产气率及残渣率越高,但含水率对残渣含油率和热解反应时间无影响。