榆林地区地下水有机污染特征初步分析

本文在区域水文地质和污染源调查的基础上,对榆林地区地下水有机污染进行初步分析。结果发现,该地区地下水有机污染具有检出种类多、检出率高、浓度低、超标率低的特点。地下水中检出的有机污染物共有18种,检出的16项有机污染物含量均低于《地下水质量标准》(GB/T14848-2007)三类水限值。潜水与承压水的检出率几乎相当,但潜水的检出项数高于承压水。不同区域有机指标的污染程度不同,定靖横油气田区神府矿区榆阳区。不同地貌类型的有机污染物检出率为黄土区(17.65%)河谷区(14.93%)平原区(11.11%)沙漠滩地区(8.60%)。     

水刺滤料对微细粒子过滤性能的实验研究

采用水刺工艺制造毡类过滤材料相对于针刺工艺具有很多优势,不仅具有更低的纤维损伤,而且体现出优异的过滤性能。根据国家标准建立实验装置,对水刺滤料和常规针刺毡滤料、覆膜滤料的性能进行了综合性实验研究。结果表明:水刺滤料对微细粒子的捕集效率优于针刺毡滤料,阻力低于覆膜滤料,在过滤除尘方面有很大优势。     

小球藻来源溶解有机质的光化学降解特性

利用三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)手段结合吸收光谱分析,研究了小球藻指数期和稳定期培养液中溶解有机物(DOM)在秋季天然太阳辐射作用下的光降解动力学特征.结果表明,小球藻生长过程中除能产生短波激发类腐殖质组分C1(其荧光峰的激发/发射波长位置为240,335 nm /406 nm)及类蛋白质组分C3(225,275 nm/334 nm)外,还会形成长波激发类腐殖质组分C2(260,395 nm /502 nm),表明C2组分并非仅有传统认为的陆源属性,同时也具有自生源属性.稳定期培养液的吸收光谱在250~300 nm范围内出现的肩峰,可用于指示水环境中现场自生源的贡献.不同生长时期培养液中DOM的吸收系数和荧光组分的降解动力学都符合一级反应方程.稳定期类腐殖质荧光组分(C1和C2)的光降解程度略高于指数期,但指数期类色氨酸组分(C3)的光降解程度略高于稳定期.经太阳辐照6 d后,小球藻培养液的吸收系数a₃₅₀及各荧光组分的平均损失率分别达到83.0%、84.0%、64.8%和80.0%,对应的半衰期只有1.6~5.0 d,揭示出藻类自生来源的DOM具有很强的光化学降解活性.     

基于PCA改进层次分析法的多目标大型货物运输通道选择*

为提高大型货物运输通道选择科学性,通过分析大型货物运输影响因素,建立大型货物运输通道选择指标评价体系,采用PCA法改进层次分析法,构建多目标大型货物运输通道选择决策模型,有效避免决策目标间信息重复利用。结果表明:优化后的决策模型可有效避免建模过程中对决策目标间信息重复利用,为大型货物运输通道线路方案决策提供依据。     

Nitrous Oxide Emission from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Deyeuxia angustifolia</Emphasis> Freshwater Marsh in Northeast China

Here we report N₂O emission results for freshwater marshes isolated from human activities at the Sanjiang Experimental Station of Marsh Wetland Ecology in northeastern China. These results are important for us to understand N₂O emission in natural processes in undisturbed freshwater marsh. Two adjacent plots of Deyeuxia angustifolia freshwater marsh with different water regimes, i.e., seasonally waterlogged (SW) and not- waterlogged (NW), were chosen for gas sampling, and soil and biomass studies. Emissions of N₂O from NW plots were obviously higher than from the SW plots. Daily maximum N₂O flux was observed at 13 o′clock and the seasonal maximum occurred in end July to early August. The annual average N₂O emissions from the NW marsh were 4.45 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2002 and 6.85 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2003 during growing season. The SW marsh was overall a sink for N₂O with corresponding annual emissions of −1.00 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ for 2002 and −0.76 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ for 2003. There were significant correlations between N₂O fluxes and temperatures of both air and 5-cm-depth soil. The range of soil redox potential 200–400 mV appeared to be optimum for N₂O flux. Besides temperature and plant biomass, the freeze–thaw process is also an important factor for N₂O emission burst. Our results show that the freshwater marsh isolated from human activity in northeastern China is not a major source of N₂O.     

基于目标对照样本的自然保护地保护成效评估:以梵净山冷杉群落为例

建立自然保护地是保护生物多样性最直接、有效的方法,评估自然保护地的保护成效是“2020年全球生物多样性目标”的关键要求之一. 本文提出了基于目标对照样本的自然保护地保护成效评估方法,并以梵净山国家级自然保护区核心区内的梵净山冷杉(Abies fanjingshanensis)群落样地为示范,以梵净山冷杉近熟群落样地为评估试验样本,以相似生境因子背景下的梵净山冷杉成熟群落样地为目标对照样本,通过比较两个样本下梵净山冷杉的平均胸径与重要值、生态位宽度及群落的物种多样性指数等指标的年际变化及其差异,以评估梵净山保护区对梵净山冷杉近熟群落样地的保护成效. 结果表明:①2006—2011年,评估试验样本中梵净山冷杉的平均胸径与重要值随年际变化均表现为极显著增加(P < 0.01),而目标对照样本内梵净山冷杉的平均胸径与重要值表现为显著增加(P < 0.05);其中评估试验样本中重要值增加了29.18%,高于目标对照样本中的增加程度(10.27%). ②评估试验样本中梵净山冷杉的生态位宽度值显著高于目标对照样本(P < 0.05). ③评估试验样本中梵净山冷杉所在群落的Shannon多样性指数值、Margalef丰富度指数值及Patrick丰富度指数值均显著高于目标对照样本(P < 0.05). 研究显示:保护区对梵净山冷杉近熟群落样地的保护效果较好,多数指标值及其变化值均显著高于目标对照样本;通过设定目标对照样本以反映评估对象现状与目标之间的差异,能够更加准确地评判自然保护地对保护对象的保护成效,进而提出更有针对性的管护措施.      

基于屋面绿化工程的油烟废气生物处理研究

利用自主筛选驯化的菌株,自制模拟屋面绿化工程的生物填料塔反应器,以屋面绿化工程中的营养土、绿色植物为天然生物材料,通过营养土和植物组成的生物过滤系统对油烟废气进行生物处理研究。考察了反应温度、气体停留时间、入口浓度、进气流量和营养液循环量等对油烟废气去除效果的影响。结果表明,当反应温度为33℃左右、停留时间为30 s、入口油烟废气小于3.0 mg/L、进气流量为0.8 L/h、营养液循环量为5 L/h时,对油烟废气有很好的去除效果,去除率可达到90%以上。     

Analysis of the influencing factors of PAEs volatilization from typical plastic products

The primary emphasis of this research was to investigate the foundations of phthalate(PAEs) pollutant source researches and then firstly confirmed the concept of the coefficient of volatile strength, namely phthalate total content in per unit mass and unit surface area of pollutant sources. Through surveying and evaluating the coefficient of volatile strength of PAEs from typical plastic products, this research carried out reasonable classification of PAEs pollutant sources into three categories and then investigated the relationship amongst the coefficient of volatile strength as well as other environmental factors and the concentration level of total PAEs in indoor air measured in environment chambers.Research obtained phthalate concentration results under different temperature, humidity,the coefficient of volatile strength and the closed time through the chamber experiment. In addition, this study further explored the correlation and ratio of influencing factors that affect the concentration level of total PAEs in environment chambers, including environmental factors, the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs and contents of total PAEs in plastic products. The research created an improved database system of phthalate the coefficient of volatile strengths of each type of plastic goods, and tentatively revealed that the volatile patterns of PAEs from different typical plastic goods, finally confirmed that the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs is a major factor that affects the indoor air total PAEs concentration, which laid a solid foundation for further establishing the volatile equation of PAEs from plastic products.     

浅谈石油企业如何做好环保规划

根据环境保护面临的形势和发展趋势,对企业环保现状和存在的主要问题进行了分析和评价,论述了企业做好环境保护规划的必要性。提出了石油企业制订环保发展战略规划的步骤和做好环保规划的方法,对编制出切合实际、经济可行的环境保护规划有借鉴意义。     

用于处理含油泥砂的菌种性能实验研究

对从孤东油田原油污染的土壤中筛选出三株可以降解原油的细菌进行的实验结果表明,所筛选的细菌能够很好地利用油泥砂中的原油作为碳源而进行生长代谢,从而达到降解原油的目的。同时,细菌还可利用油泥砂中的原油在生长代谢过程中产生生物降解表面活性剂,将原油从泥砂表面剥离下来,并使其乳化、溶解在溶液中。在油泥砂处理初期加入化学表面活性剂,可以促进细菌的生长,缩短处理时间,对最终处理效果没有根本影响。