点火提前角对焦炉气天然气混燃发动机燃烧特性的影响分析

为了研究不同点火提前角对焦炉气与天然气混燃发动机燃烧特性的影响,对一台6缸焦炉气发动机,运用CATIA建立其燃烧室模型。在相同的条件下,运用CFD分析软件研究了6种点火提前角（θig）下焦炉气与天然气发动机的燃烧特性。模拟表明:随着θig的提前,缸内的压力、温度、NO生成量的峰值都会升高且提前,当θig推迟到-12 ℃A以后时,出现严重的后燃现象,使得排放温度升高;当θig提前到-25 ℃A之前时,NO的生成量和缸内流速迅速增加,快速燃烧在压缩上止点之前10 ℃A范围内,发动机做负功;当θig为-15 ℃A时,虽然NO的生成有所增加,但是增加的不是很大,并且压力、温度、快速燃烧都在做功行程接近上止点的位置。     

我国碳储工程环境影响机理及其评价体系研究

在CO2的理化性质及其危险和碳储项目工程分析的基础上,将我国碳储工程划分建设期、运营期、场地关闭及闭场后3大阶段,给出不同阶段工程分析的重点内容。同时,研究与总结了我国碳储工程对地下水、土壤、生态植被和大气等环境影响及其机理,并构建我国深部咸水层CO2地质储存环境影响评价指标体系。该评价体系分为储存场地特征指标类、干扰地质环境指标类、环境容量指标类、生态影响指标类4个层次,为完善我国碳储工程环境影响评价提供依据。     

防灾视角下基于MCR模型的山地生态安全格局优化研究——以京津冀山区为例

区域生态安全格局的优化对改善区域自然生态系统服务功能、减轻区域典型灾害负面影响等有重要作用。该文以京津冀山区为研究对象,在区域山洪灾害背景下运用灾害学、景观生态学等理论,将最小累积阻力模型(MCR)引入山区生态安全格局的构建过程。通过借助GIS技术平台分析了研究区基于MCR模型建立的生态网络,构建了由斑块、生态廊道、基质镶嵌的区域生态化网络格局。针对分析结果,重点从城乡规划视角提出生态安全格局优化的措施,主要包括生态约束条件下生态网络结构优化和区域尺度的山区生态修复,以期为维持山区生态安全、国土综合整治以及实现京津冀区域协同发展提供科学依据。     

栉孔扇贝卵发生的超微结构和细胞化学

对栉孔扇贝Ｃｈｌａｍｙｓｆａｒｒｅｒｉ 的卵原细胞和卵母细胞发育过程的超微结构和细胞化学研究结果表明：卵原细胞的胞质中含大量的游离核糖体,细胞器不发达,蛋白质和ＲＮＡ丰富而糖元贫乏;卵黄生成之前,卵母细胞中的核质膨大为生发泡;核仁发达,胞质中线粒体大为增多;卵黄体和皮层颗粒首先出现于核周,接近线粒体聚集处;卵黄生成盛期,卵母细胞的胞质内具平行片层粗面内质网和同心圆状粗面内质网,它们是生成卵黄体和皮层颗粒的主要细胞器,线粒体和高尔基器也参与了这两种内含物的生成;微胞饮作用也为细胞的发育提供某些物质;卵黄体含蛋白质和糖元,皮层颗粒富含多糖类;卵黄膜形成始于卵黄生成初期,先是细胞游离端的胞质出现一个富含多糖的突起,突起部的质膜微绒毛化,微绒毛分泌产生由中性多糖构成的卵黄膜,继而向四周扩展,并于卵母细胞成熟时覆盖整个细胞;ＲＮＡ 合成贯穿于卵母细胞的整个发育期,延续至卵黄生成结束之后,成熟分裂临近之时．     

Development of a solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the determination of pentachlorophenol in human plasma using experimental design

A new method, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with in situ derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which was used for the determination of trace amount of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in human plasma was presented. The acetylation derivatization reaction was firstly optimized using a Doehlert design. Then a series of parameters relevant to the headspace SPME procedure, including fiber coating, extraction temperature, extraction time and salt addition, were optimized using a two-level full factorial design expanded further to a central composite design. The validation of method showed that the optimized method had good linearity (R(2)=0.999) within the concentration ranges 0.1-50.0ngml(-1), and was sensitive with the limit of detection of 0.02ngml(-1). Intra- and inter-day precision for pentachlorophenol in human plasma samples were not greater than 11.9% and 12.6%, respectively. The proposed method, to our knowledge, describes the first application of HS-SPME with GC-MS for analysis of PCP in blood plasma sample. Application of the method to real human plasma samples, PCP was successfully detected in some cases at concentration levels 1.2-6.3ngml(-1).     

Research on China’s embodied carbon transfer network in 2012 from the perspective of provinces and sectors

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Resource endowment and economic development of different provinces in China vary greatly, resulting in large amount of CO2 transfers. We need further...     

Nitrous Oxide Emission from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Deyeuxia angustifolia</Emphasis> Freshwater Marsh in Northeast China

Here we report N₂O emission results for freshwater marshes isolated from human activities at the Sanjiang Experimental Station of Marsh Wetland Ecology in northeastern China. These results are important for us to understand N₂O emission in natural processes in undisturbed freshwater marsh. Two adjacent plots of Deyeuxia angustifolia freshwater marsh with different water regimes, i.e., seasonally waterlogged (SW) and not- waterlogged (NW), were chosen for gas sampling, and soil and biomass studies. Emissions of N₂O from NW plots were obviously higher than from the SW plots. Daily maximum N₂O flux was observed at 13 o′clock and the seasonal maximum occurred in end July to early August. The annual average N₂O emissions from the NW marsh were 4.45 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2002 and 6.85 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ in 2003 during growing season. The SW marsh was overall a sink for N₂O with corresponding annual emissions of −1.00 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ for 2002 and −0.76 μg m⁻² h⁻¹ for 2003. There were significant correlations between N₂O fluxes and temperatures of both air and 5-cm-depth soil. The range of soil redox potential 200–400 mV appeared to be optimum for N₂O flux. Besides temperature and plant biomass, the freeze–thaw process is also an important factor for N₂O emission burst. Our results show that the freshwater marsh isolated from human activity in northeastern China is not a major source of N₂O.     

抽油机液压刹车制动装置的研究与应用

抽油机刹车系统是作业及维护、保养、检修工作时,确保员工人身安全的重要安全制动装置。目前,刹车系统存在较大安全隐患。文章研究了抽油机刹车安全制动系统的分类及工作原理,分析了存在的安全隐患,提出了采用抽油机液压刹车制动保险销装置。该技术解决了抽油机传统刹车装置存在的问题,并获得了国家专利。应用效果表明:新设计提高了刹车系统安全制动性能。     

Socioeconomic constraints on the technological choices in rural sewage treatment

Technological innovation is one of the potential engines to mitigate environmental pollution. However, the implementation of new technologies sometimes fails owing to socioeconomic constraints from different stakeholders. Thus, it is essential to analyze constraints of environmental technologies in order to build a pathway for their implementation. In this study, taking three technologies on rural sewage treatment in Hangzhou, China as a case study, i.e., wastewater treatment plant (WTP), constructed wetland (CW), and biogas system, we analyzed how socioeconomic constraints affect the technological choices. Results showed that socioeconomic constraints play a key role through changing the relative opportunity cost of inputs from government as compared to that of residents to deliver the public good—sewage treatment—under different economic levels. Economic level determines the technological choice, and the preferred sewage treatment technologies change from biogas system to CW and further to WTP along with the increase of economic level. Mismatch of technological choice and economic level results in failures of rural sewage treatment, e.g., the CW only work well in moderately developed regions in Hangzhou. This finding expands the environmental Kuznets law by introducing the coproduction theory into analysis (i.e., inputs from both government and residents are essential for the delivery of public goods and services such as good environmental quality). A match between technology and socioeconomic conditions is essential to the environmental governance.