区域农田土壤镉风险的机理式定量预测模型研究——以江苏省为例

大面积区域土壤风险的精准定量评价和预测一直是研究的热点和难点,以往经验式为主的模型在普适性上存在较大局限.基于土壤理化性质和热力学化学平衡的机理式多表面形态模型(Multi-surface Speciation Model,MSM)已在实验室和小区域尺度成功预测土壤Cd的溶出,但能否应用于更大区域的环境风险评价还未可知.基于此,本研究收集了3354个江苏省表层土壤Cd样品和155个含有理化性质的表层土壤剖面,利用图斑赋值方法得到3354个具有完整理化性质和全量Cd含量的土壤样品数据,在此基础上利用MSM预测各样品的有效态Cd含量,并根据江苏省典型区域MSM-Cd阈值开发了基于MSM的江苏省土壤Cd污染生态风险评价预警模型和敏感性模型,并绘制了江苏省土壤Cd污染风险现状图和土壤Cd敏感地图.结果表明,MSM-Cd比总Cd可更准确预测高污染地区和非污染区域,同时发现增加土壤pH是降低Cd生态风险的最有效途径,而pH是影响土壤Cd敏感度的最重要原因.研究表明,基于MSM的土壤Cd风险预测模型可实现区域土壤风险的精准定量化评估与预测,为土地质量管理和风险管理提供决策依据的实用技术支持.     

纳米光催化还原去除水中铜离子

基于纳米光催化还原技术,以纳米二氧化钛作为光催化剂,研究一种水体中重金属Cu2＋去除方法。采用原子吸收评价水体中Cu2＋去除效果,考察了水体pH值、不同光源及光照时间、催化剂添加量、Cu2＋初始浓度以及乙醇加入量的影响。结果表明,Cu2＋初始浓度在2～50 mg/L,pH为6.0～8.0,添加0.3 g/L纳米二氧化钛...     

三种表面活性剂对高浓度DDTs污染土壤的洗脱作用

以高浓度滴滴涕(DDTs)污染场地土壤为研究对象,采用表面活性剂洗脱试验,比较研究了聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇酐单硬脂酸酯(Tween60)、辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚(TritonX 100)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)对污染土壤中DDTs的洗脱效率.试验结果表明,三种表面活性剂对污染土壤中DDTs均具有一定的洗脱作用,去离子水对DDTs几乎没有洗脱效果.随着洗脱液中Tween60和SDS质量浓度的逐渐升高,土壤中DDTs的总洗脱效率逐渐增大,一次性洗脱时最大洗脱效率分别为43.60%和34.62%.随着洗脱液中TritonX 100质量浓度的逐渐升高,土壤中DDTs的总洗脱效率出现先增大后降低再升高的变化现象,最大为15.46%.土壤中六种DDT组分的洗脱效率不完全一样,其中Tween60对2,4'-DDD的洗脱效率可达55.12%,对4,4'-DDD的洗脱效率为54.09%;SDS对2,4'-DDD的洗脱效率为59.99%,对4,4'-DDD的洗脱效率为57.10%.试验结果可为筛选适宜的表面活性剂及质量浓度,研发高浓度DDTs污染场地土壤表面活性剂洗脱修复技术的工程应用提供理论依据.     

地铁站火灾人员安全疏散研究综述

为提升地铁站火灾疏散能力,减少灾时人员伤亡和财产损失,国内外大量的研究成果服务于地铁应急预案的制定。分别从研究手段和研究对象方面对国内外近年来的文献进行梳理,分析了地铁站火灾疏散中的烟雾特点、人员应急行为特征和心理反应、疏散中的瓶颈和疏散路径。系统地分析了影响地铁站火灾疏散的因素,比较了不同学者地铁站火灾疏散中存在的差异以及有待改进的地方,从改善地铁设计管理方面和提升人员疏散能力方面提出了建议。     

酒精蒸气/烟草粉尘两相混合体系最小点火能试验研究

在烟草加工的加香工序,挥发的酒精和搅拌混料产生的烟草粉尘形成气粉混合体系,其燃爆特性相较于单相烟草粉尘有较大变化。对20 L爆炸球进行了部分改造,可完成20℃～80℃环境温度、100%LEL以下酒精蒸气浓度、最大2 J电火花能量组合的气粉混合物的最小点火能测试。选用烘丝和加香烟草粉尘做对比,探究了环境温度和酒精蒸气浓度对酒精蒸气/烟草粉尘两相混合体系点火能的影响规律。结果表明：相同环境温度下,加香烟草粉尘的最小点火能比烘丝烟草粉尘低;加香粉尘、烘丝粉尘及混合体系的最小点火能随环境温度变化的趋势一致,均随温度的升高而降低;加入10%LEL的酒精蒸气后,相同温度下气粉混合体系的最小点火能低于单相烟草粉尘。随着环境温度的升高,二者的差值逐渐减小,酒精蒸气诱导烟草粉尘最小点火能降低的能力逐步减小甚至消失;在电点火条件下,当酒精蒸气浓度低于50%LEL时,气粉混合体系较难被点燃,当酒精蒸气浓度高于75%LEL时,混合体系较易被点燃。     

Temporal variability of atmospheric particulate matter and chemical composition during a growing season at an agricultural site in northeastern China

This study presents the observations of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) concentrations at an agricultural site from April to October 2012 in Dehui city,China.Ambient air was sampled by filter-based samplers and online PM monitors.The filter samples were analyzed to determine the abundance of ionic/inorganic elements,organic carbon(OC) and elemental carbon(EC).The daily PM_(10) concentrations varied significantly over the monitoring period,with an average of168 ± 63(in the range of 52-277) μg/m~3 during the land preparation/planting period(26 April-15 June),85 ± 65(36-228) μg/m~3 during the growing season(16 June-25 September),and 207 ±88(103-310) μg/m~3 during the harvest period(26 September-31 October).PM_(2.5) accounted for44%,56%and 66%of atmospheric PM_(10) during these periods,respectively.The PM_(10) diurnal variation showed a distinct peak from 16:00 to 21:00(LST) during the growing and harvesting seasons,while a gradual increase throughout the daytime until 17:00 was observed during tilling season.Mineral dust elements(Al,Ca,Fe,and Mg) dominated the PM_(10) chemical composition during the tilling season;OC,NO_3~-,SO_4~(2-) and NH_4~+ during the growing season;and carbonaceous species(i.e.,OC and EC) during the harvesting season.Our results indicate that the soil particles emitted by farm tillage and organic matter released from straw burning are the two most significant sources of PM_(10) emissions contributing to the recurring high pollution events in this region.Therefore,development of agricultural PM inventories from soil tillage and straw burning is prioritized to support air quality modeling.     

Assessment of source water contamination by estrogenic disrupting compounds in China

Detection of estrogenic disrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking waters around China has led to rising concerns about health risks associated with these compounds. There is, however, a paucity of studies on the occurrence and identification of the main compounds responsible for this pollution in the source waters. To fill this void, we screened estrogenic activities of 23 source water samples from six main river systems in China, using a recombinant two-hybrid yeast assay. All sample extracts induced significant estrogenic activity, with E2 equivalents (EEQ) of raw water ranging from 0.08 to 2.40 ng/L. Additionally, 16 samples were selected for chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The EDCs of most concern, including estrone (E1), 17βup-estradiol (E2), 17αup-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), diethylstilbestrol (DES), estradiol valerate (EV), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-nonylphenols (4-NP) and bisphenol A (BPA), were determined at concentrations of up to 2.98, 1.07, 2.67, 4.37, 2.52, 1.96, 89.52, 280.19 and 710.65 ng/L, respectively. Causality analysis, involving comparison of EEQ values from yeast assay and chemical analysis identified E2, EE2 and 4-NP as the main responsible compounds, accounting for the whole estrogenic activities (39.74% to 96.68%). The proposed approach using both chemical analysis and yeast assay could be used for the identification and evaluation of EDCs in source waters of China.     

亚硝酸盐型厌氧甲烷氧化过程强化新视角:排泥及其微生物机制研究

亚硝酸盐型厌氧甲烷氧化(Nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation, n-DAMO)是微生物在厌氧条件下利用甲烷还原亚硝酸盐的过程.本研究通过排泥的策略对n-DAMO过程进行强化,并比较分析了反应器中微生物的群落结构及功能微生物数量.结果发现,与对照组相比,排泥后实验组反应器的脱氮速率从17.00 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1)提高到73.10 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1).排泥后反应器中n-DAMO细菌的相对丰度从38.3%上升到67.7%,功能微生物的基因拷贝数由1.404×10~8 copies·g~(-1)增长到4.854×10~8 copies·g~(-1),污泥比活性提高了2.95倍.与之相反,初始反应器中其余优势微生物Unclassified_GCA004、Unclassified_Rhodocyclaceae、Unclassified_Fimbriimonadaceae与Methylosinu相对丰度分别下降为原来的27.66%、32.65%、4.35%、20.27%.结果表明,排泥可以有效地强化n-DAMO过程,同时促进功能微生物的生长,主要原因在于排泥排出了非目标微生物,使得目标微生物大量生长.本研究为强化n-DAMO过程及加快n-DAMO微生物的富集提供了一条新思路,并为进一步推动n-DAMO过程的工程应用提供了理论基础.     

基于逻辑框架法和成功度评价的生态补偿政策评估与动态调整研究

生态补偿政策效果的发挥有赖于科学、合理的制度设计,制度设计不仅仅指制度建立之初的设计,还包括制度实施过程中的实施评估及其优化调整,本文选择在生态补偿政策实施一个阶段后,利用逻辑框架法从宏观目标、直接目的、政策产出和政策投入四个层次分析生态补偿政策的实施过程及其效果,进而利用成功度评价法,设计生态补偿成功度评价指标体系,并利用该指标体系评估出中山市生态补偿政策实施的成功度综合等级为0.866,属完全成功。基于前述研究,提出下一阶段中山市生态补偿政策调整的重点。     

煤体初始瓦斯涌出规律预测煤巷突出危险性研究

为提高煤巷突出危险性预测的准确性,基于摩尔库伦准则,建立煤巷突出平衡方程,探究煤巷突出发生条件;通过COM-SOL Multiphysics模拟软件探究钻孔瓦斯涌出量和瓦斯压力的关系;利用ZTL20/1000-Z型矿用隔爆型连续流量法煤层巷道突出预测装置,以薛湖煤矿二煤层为试验对象,进行煤巷突出危险性预测试验研究.结果...