Preparation and Characterization of PVC Matrix Composites with Biochemical Sludge

Biochemical sludge (BS), generated in the waste water treatment of paper mills, was pretreated by enzyme hydrolysis. The effect and action mechanism of the enzymatic treatment on the properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix composites with BS were discussed. Results showed that when the filler content was 30 wt%, the tensile strength of the PVC composites filled with BS and its modified products which were pretreated by laccase, cellulase and hemicellulase can be increased by 38.64, 67.4, 63.5 and 66.3% than the PVC composite filled with calcium carbonate. When the dosage of filler was 40 wt%, the elastic modulus of PVC composites filled with BS and its above three modified products decreased by 53.3, 52.3, 50.0 and 46.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of PVC composites can also be improved at the temperature of over 340 °C. It can be concluded that the enzyme pretreatment can improve the application performance of BS usage in PVC matrix composites.     

海水循环养殖系统水处理工艺综述

论述了海水循环养殖系统(RAS)需要控制的水质参数及相关单元水处理工艺.RAS需要对盐度、pH、温度、溶解氧等水质参数进行监测控制,并常采用物理、生物、化学处理的组合工艺,使固体物质、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、有机物以及致病微生物等的浓度维持在安全范围内.固体物质根据粒径和可沉降性的不同,可采用沉降、过滤、泡沫分离或生物过滤法去除;氨氮、亚硝酸盐以及硝酸盐主要通过生物的硝化和反硝化作用去除;有机物主要通过生物降解去除;化学药剂消毒以及紫外辐照是RAS常用的消毒方法,消毒剂残余及消毒副产物对水质和动物健康的影响是选择合适消毒方法需要考虑的两个关键因素.最后,列举了几种海水RAS常用的组合处理工艺,并提出了针对性的改进建议.     

Biodegradation of N,N-dimethylacetamide by Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 isolated from the rhizosphere of pagoda tree

The biodegradation characteristic and potential metabolic pathway for removal of environmental N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC) by Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 was studied. Rhodococcus sp. strain B83 was isolated from the rhizosphere of a pagoda tree and proved capable of utilizing DMAC as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Batch culture studies showed that strain B83 could tolerate up to 25 g/L DMAC and showed distinct growth on possible catabolic intermediates except for acetate. The nitrogen balance analysis revealed that approximately 71% of the initial nitrogen was converted to organic nitrogen. DMAC degradation has led to accumulation of acetate and organic nitrogen, meanwhile traces of nitrate and ammonia was build-up but without nitrite. The growth of strain B83 could be inhibited by adding exogenous acetate. By means of the assay of enzymatic degradation of DMAC, several catabolic intermediates at different intervals were observed and identified. Based on the results obtained from culture solution and enzymatic degradation assay, a detailed pathway is proposed for DMAC biodegradation.     

基于CFD的大型原油储罐火灾风险评估

阐述了以计算流体力学基本理论为基础建立的油罐火灾模拟理论模型。应用CFX软件对某油库的大型油罐罐区进行火灾模拟,研究了火的发生、发展、烟气的蔓延以及火灾对周围环境的作用。     

Fenton process for degradation of selected chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons exemplified by trichloroethylene, 1,1-dichloroethylene and chloroform

The degradation of selected chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) exemplified by trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (DCE), and chloroform (CF) was investigated with Fenton oxidation process. The results indicate that the degradation rate was primarily affected by the chemical structures of organic contaminants. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) preferred to attack the organic contaminants with an electron-rich structure such as chlorinated alkenes (i.e., TCE and DCE). The dosing mode of Fenton’s reagent, particularly of Fe²⁺, significantly affected the degradation efficiency of studied organic compound. A new “time-squared” kinetic model, C = C _o exp(−k _obs t ²), was developed to express the degradation kinetics of selected CAHs. This model was applicable to TCE and DCE, but inapplicable to CF due to their varied reaction rate constants towards ?OH. Chloride release was monitored to examine the degree of dechlorination during the oxidation of selected CAHs. TCE was more easily dechlorinated thanDCE and CF.Dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was identified as the major reaction intermediate in the oxidation of TCE, which could be completely removed as the reaction proceeded. No reaction intermediates or byproducts were identified in the oxidation of DCE and CF. Based on the identified intermediate, the reaction mechanism of TCE with Fenton’s reagent was proposed.     

区域土地利用变化对植被碳汇的生态风险影响研究

基于北部湾经济区的EOS/MODIS卫星遥感资料和2000年、2006年土地利用遥感解译结果,利用GIS技术,获取区域土地利用转移信息图、土地利用类型转移矩阵及植被净初级生产力时空变化图,计算植被碳汇变化量;根据区域土地利用与植被碳汇的时空变化特征,构建区域土地利用变化对植被碳汇的生态风险影响评价流程,获取区域植被碳汇的生态风险指数空间分布.     

氮添加对油蒿群落植物叶片生态化学计量特征的影响

为了深入认识荒漠植物对氮沉降的适应和反馈能力,研究了宁夏盐池毛乌素沙地油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落内5种优势植物〔油蒿、披针叶黄华(Thermopsis lanceolata)、糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)、赖草(Leymus secalinus)、刺藜(Chenopodium aristatum)〕在N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃、N₄、N₅〔氮添加水平依次为0、0.5、1.0、2.0、3.0、6.0 g/(m2·a),以N计〕6个氮添加处理下叶片w(TC)、w(TN)、w(TP)及其化学计量比——C/N〔w(TC)/w(TN)〕、N/P〔w(TN)/w(TP)〕、C/P〔w(TC)/w(TP)〕的变化. 结果表明:①氮添加对油蒿、披针叶黄华叶片w(TC)、w(TN)、w(TP)及其化学计量比无显著影响. ②高氮添加(N₅处理)显著增加了糙隐子草、赖草和刺藜叶片w(TN),相对于N₀处理时增幅分别约为26%、81%和60%. ③高氮添加显著增加了赖草、刺藜叶片N/P,但显著降低了其叶片C/N,其中,赖草和刺藜叶片N/P相对于N₀处理时的增幅分别约为86%和61%,C/N的降幅则分别约为45%和37%. 研究显示,油蒿群落中不同植物种对氮添加的响应存在差异,持续增加的氮沉降很可能会引起油蒿群落物种组成的变化,从而影响油蒿群落的演替.      

基于GIS的重气体扩散预测模拟研究

近年来国内环境风险事故频发,凸显了环境风险管理尤其是环境风险控制的必要性。因为针对园区及企业建立环境风险定量化模拟手段具有重要意义。针对目前环境风险管理与突发事件模拟预警的需求,以假定液氯扩散情景为例,结合重气体扩散模拟模型ALOHA与Arc/Info,对重气体扩散的影响范围以及对象进行分析,为工业园区及企业的环境风险防范与应急提供依据。     

电子废弃物拆解区二噁英污染特征及暴露风险评估

应用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱(HRGC-HRMS)联用技术对电子废弃物拆解不同生产工艺排放废气、周边环境空气、土壤及地下水中二噁英(PCDD/Fs)浓度水平和排放特征进行了监测分析,并采用VLIER-HUMAAN模型评估其对人体的暴露风险.结果表明,该电子废弃物拆解废气PCDD/Fs毒性当量浓度为0.0033～9.1...     

基于风险检测的风险评估方法

基于风险的检测(risk－based inspection,RBI)是基于风险管理思想的设备管理新技术.在20世纪90年代,API就制定了关于RBI的推荐性标准API580,该技术目前在世界上已经得到了广泛的应用.本文阐述了RBI技术中风险分析的基本思想,着重介绍了RBI危险辨识、RBI风险评估和RBI风险排序等主要过程.