A simulator study of driving behavior and mental workload in mixed-use arterial road environments

Objectives: Mixed-use urban environments, such as arterial roads with adjacent commercial land uses, represent crash locations with the highest risk. These locations are often characterized by high volumes of motor vehicle traffic, on-street parking, and interactions with multiple road user groups such as pedestrians, cyclists, and public transportation. The objective of this study was to investigate previously identified crash risk factors for mixed-use urban environments and assess how parking occupancy, center medians, and cyclist volume influence performance and workload in a driving simulator study.

Methods: Thirty participants were recruited for the study. Participants completed 6 drives that presented different combinations of cyclist volume, median condition, and parking occupancy. Incorporated into the simulator drives was a secondary peripheral detection task (PDT) designed to measure mental workload. Participants provided subjective assessments of workload using the Rating Scale Mental Effort (RSME).

Results: Mean lateral lane position was found to significantly vary across the 3 independent variables of parking occupancy, cyclist volume, and median conditions. No significant changes were identified for mean speed across the conditions. Subjective and objective measures of workload identified changes due to the presence of cyclists with slower reaction times for the PDT task when cyclists were present.

Conclusion: The findings provide insight into the interaction of road design elements in mixed-use urban road environments and demonstrate that increasingly complex environments increase driver demand. This has important road design implications for mixed-use arterial roads, which are often characterized by complex interactions between multiple road user groups.     

乌鲁木齐市水泥行业污染现状分析

根据乌鲁木齐市水泥行业的验收监测结果，对其污染现状进行了分析。     

Performance and Microbial Characteristics of Bioaugmentation Systems for Polyacrylamide Degradation

Efficient and reliable removal of polyacrylamide (PAM), which are present in oil extraction waste water, is critically important to prevent toxic discharges to receiving waters. In the present study, two PAM degrading bacterial strains, namely HWBI and HWBIII, were isolated from the activated sludge and soil in an oil field. Two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were bioaugmented with either HWBI or HWBIII and the performance of each bacteria for enhancing PAM removal was compared. The effects of bioaugmentation on the performance of the SBRs with different exogenous strains after a single inoculation were investigated under long term operation. Results showed that for the SBR augmented with HWBI, 70% of PAM was removed at the end of the first operation cycle, and the removal remained at approximately 70% in the following eight cycles after a single inoculation. For the SBR augmented with HWBIII, only 45% of the PAM was removed in the first cycle after the inoculation, and PAM removal decreased to 30% after eight cycles. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), a molecular screening technique, was applied to track the supplemented bacterial strains and to evaluate the effects of bioaugmentation on the microbial communities and to investigate the optimal bioaugmentation strategy.     

东江流域水环境中颗粒态和胶体态金属元素的分布和来源

运用连续流离心机和切面流超滤分离技术,从东江流域的水库、河流、河口3种水体中分离了大量的悬浮颗粒物(0.45μm)和胶体(1 nm~0.45μm),并用元素分析仪和电感耦合等离子体/质谱(ICP-MS)对有机碳和金属进行了表征.通过对比3种水体中颗粒态金属的含量(μg·g-1)和浓度(ng·L-1)发现,水库颗粒物有更高的重金属含量,与其在有机碳上的富集有关;河流颗粒物有更高的金属浓度,与地表径流和人为排放有关.另外,随着有机质含量的增加,湖泊水体中多种重金属的含量呈现先增加后降低的关系,显示了生物富集和生物稀释的双重作用.从东江中游到河口样品,Mg、Ti、Co、Ni等元素在颗粒物中的含量依次升高,Cu、As、Cd、Sn、Sb等元素则依次降低,这与海水的稀释作用以及与盐度变化引起的絮凝沉降有关.河流中胶体态金属的含量与浓度均大于水库,显示了河流受到更多的人类活动影响.虽然重金属主要分布在颗粒物中,但对比各种重金属的含量在颗粒态和胶体态中的顺序变化,发现地表径流带来的地壳元素倾向于分布在颗粒态中,而人为排放来源的金属倾向于分布在胶体态中.     

离子色谱法测定钻井废水中的Cl-、Br-

利用离子色谱法测定钻井废水中的Cl~-、Br~-,实验结果表明,该方法能准确分析测定样品中的Cl~-和Br~-,相对标准偏差小于2%。同时该方法降低了干扰因素的影响,缩短了分析时间,提高了工作效率,能对钻井废水中的Cl~-和Br~-进行有效的分离,样品的加标回收率达到87%~109%,能准确测定Cl~-和Br~-。同时与硝酸银滴定法测定钻井废水中的Cl~-相比较,当样品中Br~-含量小于Cl~-和Br~-总含量的10%时,两种方法测定Cl~-含量的相对偏差小于5%。     

Toxicity evaluation of 10 oil gelling agents北大核心CSCD

Oil gelling agents are widely used in emergency response of marine oil spills. However, the biological toxicity of oil gelling agents is not well understood. This research aimed to evaluate the environmental safety of oil gelling agents used for rapid removal and cleanup of marine oil spills. We used luminescent bacteria (Acinetobacter sp. Tox2 and Acinetobacter sp. RecA) combined with exposure experiment using marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) juveniles to detect the acute toxicity and genotoxicity of 10 oil gelling agents. As a result, a certain level of acute toxicity was detected from the oil gelling agent FOA and GMN-01 (the toxicity equivalent to 0.067 mg/L and 0.084 mg/L of HgCl2, respectively), and a certain level of genotoxicity was detected from the oil gelling agent NORSOREX (the toxicity equivalent to 0.307 mg/L of MMC) by the luminescent bacteria test. However, no obvious acute toxicity or genotoxicity was detected from the above three oil gelling agents in fish-exposure experiments. Our results suggest that the 10 oil gelling agents have no obvious acute toxicity or genotoxicity to higher organisms (including marine medaka). The luminescent bacteria test is more sensitive in detecting biological toxicity of oil gelling agents. This study provides a reference for environmental safety evaluation of the oil gelling agents used in the cleaning up of the marine oil spills.