PHYSICAL DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC VALUE OF RIPARIAN BUFFERS IN AN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Economic values of riparian buffers in a watershed are evaluated by the changes in the net economic return for farming with and without riparian buffers when achieving the same water quality objectives. The simulated water quality impacts of alternative farming systems using SWAT and experimental data for riparian buffers are used in a mathematical optimization model to estimate net economic return for farming subject to a water quality objective. Physical characteristics such as stream length, channel slope, average land slope, cropland percentage and several soil attributes are identified in the watershed using ARC/INFO GIS. A regression model is then used to evaluate the impacts of these physical characteristics on the estimated economic values of buffers. The study is conducted in Goodwater Creek watershed, Missouri. The results show the estimated economic value of buffers is significantly affected by some soil properties, stream length, and cropland percentage in watershed and can be used to improve the effectiveness of riparian buffers at watershed and regional levels.     

固定床PVC燃烧脱氯的机理和试验

研究垃圾组分PVC在焚烧过程中HCl的排放和脱除特性的实验在准等温、电加热的水平石英管反应器中进行.随着床温从700℃升高到900℃,HCl的转化率从82.5%平缓增加到88.3%,而过量空气系数的增加促使部分HCl转化为C1₂(1.9%～4.5%)的形式存在.钙基吸收剂CaCO₃,Ca(OH)₂,Ca(CH₃COO)₂对HCl的脱除效率高达68%～79%,而镁基吸收剂的脱氯效率却低于3%.小的吸收剂粒径、高的Ca/Cl比会促进脱氯效率的提高;烟气中CO₂和H₂O对脱氯效率的影响与它们在反应平衡中所起作用有关.高温下燃烧固氯机理反应的平衡常数的计算不仅诠释了实验结果,而且提供了脱氯吸收剂选择的依据.     

基于健康风险的危险废物智能化分级分类研究

在分析国内外危险废物分级管理经验的基础上,结合健康风险的评估步骤,提出了基于全过程危险废物污染物释放情景的精细化-动态健康风险评价方法。充分考虑处理利用工艺、企业管理水平等因素对于危险废物中污染物释放概率和能力的影响,并基于污染物向环境介质的迁移转化,定量评估危险废物的健康风险。基于危险废物污染特性数据库和事故情景数据库,结合全过程信息采集技术,构建危险废物分级分类管理平台,进行涉废企业的风险级别划分,实施差异化管理,形成更加科学有效的危险废物全过程精细化管理体系。     

异波折板高效水解酸化废水的处理技术

提出了异波折板高效水解酸化废水处理技术.通过水力学措施实现水解酸化系统内湍流涡旋以加速传质,并改善系统内pH值条件以增强微生物活性.试验结果表明,对浓度范围在450～900mg/L之间的溶解性COD的去除率为40%±4%.     

生态资产评估静态部分平衡模型的分析与改进

静态部分平衡模型是目前生态资产价值评估中可操作性比较强的一种评估模型。由于生态资产评估领域中还存在很多争议,论文从对生态资产评估的目的、特点、模型假设、方法和途径等方面入手,对生态资产价值评估静态部分平衡模型进行了分析,指出传统模型中存在的一些缺陷,并尝试对模型进行改进。选择黄河皇甫川流域五分地沟小流域作为研究区,依据传统模型和改进模型分别对研究区进行生态资产评估,结果表明,改进模型估算的流域生态资产总价值比传统模型的计算结果高出约1/3,其中林地和草地的单位面积价值上升,灌木林的单位面积价值则下降。     

湘江湘潭段水环境主要污染物的健康风险评价

依据2001—2005年的水质监测资料,应用健康风险评价模型,对湘江湘潭段水环境主要污染物进行了健康风险评价. 结果表明:在所监测的指标中,pH,ρ(Cr6+),ρ(Cu)和ρ(Zn)等未超标(GB3838-2002);ρ(DO),ρ(Pb),ρ(CN),ρ(COD_Mn)和ρ(BOD₅)等偶尔超标;ρ(Hg),ρ(Cd),ρ(As),ρ(挥发酚),ρ(NH₃-N)和粪(总)大肠菌群等经常超标. 历年来化学致癌物As的个人年风险值均高于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平,而Cd和Cr6+的个人年风险值均低于最大可接受风险水平. 非致癌物的个人年风险顺序为Pb>NH₃-N>Hg>CN>挥发酚,这5种污染物的健康危害年风险值均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平. 污染物健康风险比较表明,化学致癌物对人体健康的风险值远超过非致癌物的危害,应作为风险决策管理的重点对象.      

Simulation analysis of environmental risk accident and management of high-sulfur gas field development in complex terrain

Environmental risk of high sulfur gas field exploitation has become one of the hot spots of environmental management studies. Severe gas H₂S blowout accidents in recent years have shown that poor understanding and estimates of the poisonous gas movement could lead to dangerous evacuation delays. It is important to evaluate the real concentration of H₂S, especially in complex terrain. Traditional experiential models are not valid in the case of rough terrain, especially in low-lying areas where the gas accumulates. This study, using high sulfur content gas field of Sichuan “Pu Guang gas field” as study object and adopting objective diagnosis of wind field of land following coordinate three dimensions, applied Lagrangian Puff Model and breaking up technique of puffs to simulate the H₂S diffusion condition of blowout accidents produced in the high sulfur content gas field of complex terrain area. The results showed that the H₂S distribution did not occur mainly in low wind direction, and due to the obstruction of the mountain’s body, it accumulated in front of mountain on produced turn over, flowed around submitted jumping type distribution. The mountain waist near the hilltop and low hollow river valley site rapture points simulating contrast showed that the higher the rapture point, the better the diffusing condition of pollutant, the distribution of risk sensitive point decided piping rupture environmental risk size combining the H₂S diffusion result and residential area dispersing in the study area, synthetic judge located in the high rapture point environmental risk was smaller than the low hollow point, thus it was suggested to carryout laying of lining build of equal high line of higher terrain. According to simulation results, the environmental risk management measures aimed at putting down adverse effects were worked out.     

Determination of the dissociation constants of polyepoxysuccinic acid

The dissociation constants of polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) were investigated in this study. Based on the potentiometric titration and the BEST program, the dissociation constants of PESA were determined. Considering the complexity of the dissociation of PESA in aqueous solution, several models were constructed to simulate the dissociation process of PESA. By comparison, the dissociation constants of PESA were obtained with model 4. The species distribution of PESA in aqueous solution as a function of pH was also presented according to the experimental and calculation results. It showed that the H₂L model with five basic structure units to describe the dissociation of PESA was reasonable, and the relevant constants had less error and better matching between the experimental and calculation data. The corresponding values of pK _ai were 4.68 and 4.92, respectively, for H₂L at 35°C with ionic strength of 0.1 mol/L.     

中国草地生态系统服务功能价值遥感估算研究

草地生态系统是我国陆地上面积最大的生态系统,不仅生产大量的产品,而且提供巨大的生态服务功能。利用遥感技术估算草地生态系统服务价值,具有廉价、动态、快速、范围广等优点,并可解决传统方法所不能解决的空间异质性问题。论文考虑有机物质生产、维持CO₂和O₂平衡、营养物质循环、对环境污染的净化作用、土壤侵蚀控制和涵养水源等主要服务功能,提出了一个基于净初级生产力(NPP)和植被覆盖率的草地生态系统服务价值估算方法,并介绍了从MODIS数据反演NPP和植被覆盖率的方法。对2003年我国草地生态系统服务价值的估算结果表明,我国草地生态系统总服务价值达17050.25×10⁸元,平均48.44×10⁴元/km²,是草地生产收益的19倍;不同类型的草地生态系统单位面积服务价值空间差异悬殊,从5.62×10⁴元/km²变化到99.0×10⁴元/km²以上。     

废印刷电路板的静电分选实验研究

金属与非金属材料的分离是回收利用废印刷电路板的关键环节。对废印刷电路板物料的静电分选进行了实验研究。实验以电压、辊筒转速、电晕电极与辊筒之间的距离、静电极位置、电晕电极位置、电晕电极数量等为考察因素,研究各因素对电选效果的影响规律。结果表明,影响金属与非金属材料分离的主要因素是电压、辊筒转速和电晕电极与辊筒之间的距离,对于-0.9 0.45mm的破碎物料,当电压为24kV,辊筒转速为15Hz(54.6r/min),电晕电极与辊筒之间的距离为5.2cm时,得到最大静电分选综合效率67.37%。