Is being a leader a mixed blessing? A dual‐pathway model linking leadership role occupancy to well‐being

Recent leadership research has drawn greater attention to how the well‐being of leaders influences leadership behaviors, follower performance and well‐being, and overall leadership effectiveness. Yet little attention has been paid to the relationship between occupying leadership positions and job incumbents' well‐being. This research addresses this question by developing and testing a dual‐pathway model. Our model proposes that incumbency in leadership positions is positively related to high levels of both job demands and job control, whereas job demands and job control have offsetting effects on well‐being. Results based on a longitudinal sample revealed that employees who transitioned from nonleadership positions to leadership roles showed trajectories of increasing job demands and job control, whereas such trends were weaker among those who remained in nonleadership positions. Findings from three additional samples generally demonstrated that leadership role occupancy was indirectly related to various indices of psychological and physiological well‐being through job demands and job control. Because the signs of the indirect effects through job demands and job control differed in expected ways, the overall relationship between leadership role occupancy and the well‐being outcomes was generally small and nonsignificant. We discuss research and practical implications of our framework and findings for organizations, employees, and leaders.     

Comparative study on the removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) using three different packings

To improve the removal efficiency on hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a biofilter was developed and was made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes. The effects of three different packings (i.e., packing A, packing B, and packing C), containing different proportions of activated carbon, sawdust, wormcast, perlite, and pig manure compost, based on different biofilter parameters on H₂S removal efficiency, were investigated. With the extension of running time, the H₂S removal rate of packing A reached up to 90.12%, that of packing B reached a peak at 92.96%, and that of packing C was highest at 87.21%. The contribution rate of each packing at the bottom of the device was significantly greater (p < 0.01) than that of other parts, and those of the top of the devices were all greater than those of the middle of the devices. The H₂S removal rate increased with greater filler layer height. The removal rate of group B increased first with humidity, and then declined, with the optimal humidity level for the removal of H₂S 50–65% in this study. With the prolongation of the run, the pH of packing A was reduced from 7.1 to 5.91, while the pH of packing B and C remained within the range of 6.53–7.10. An increase was found in the number of bacteria and fungi over time. The count of bacteria in packing B and C and following a decreasing order was bottom > middle > top, whereas that for fungi was the opposite. In conclusion, it is thought that packing B (comprising wormcast + sawdust + activated carbon) is more efficient in the removal of H₂S than the other packings and may thus be utilized in biofilters. These results hope to provide useful information for future related research on the removal efficiency of H₂S using packings.

Implications: Wormcasts use as biological filter packing to remove H₂S is limited and needs yet to be explored. A comparative study on the removal efficiency of H₂S using three packings showed the packings that included wormcast were more efficient than others, and showed the combined features of physical absorption and biological removal with long sustainability and good efficiency, although these were largely influenced by environmental factors and nutrient content for the microorganisms. In summary, wormcast could be utilized in biological filters in the future in related research beacuse of its good efficiency and low cost.     

长江流域鄂西四河流大型底栖动物群落结构特征及水质生物学评价

鄂西水系是国家级水源保护区,也是湖北省重要的生态旅游区。为了解鄂西水生态健康状况,于2014年10月~2017年1月不同时段在宜昌国家可持续发展实验示范区卷桥河（J）、清江利川段（Q）、宜昌市水源地黄柏河（H）和丹江口入库河流天河郧西段（T）开展了底栖动物群落特征研究。研究表明：4个河段共采集到大型底栖动物5门8纲18目61科。基于底栖动物指示种耐污性及其丰度占比分析,表明J、Q和T三河流污染程度沿水流方向呈加重趋势,而H水体健康状况整体较好。运用FBI和SIGNAL底栖生物评价指数,显示四条河流健康程度沿水流方向均呈下降趋势,但H变化趋势平缓,结果表明H水体上下游均处于较健康状态,其他3条河流上游或源头水体健康状况良好,下游受到较重污染。对主要环境因子（TP、NH₃-N、COD_Mn和TN）做主成分分析表明,轴1的解释率达到65.1%,表明轴1可以有效表征主要环境压力梯度。FBI和SIGNAL指数与轴1线性拟合度均较高,表明二者在鄂西河流水生态健康评估中可作为快速生物评价指数。     

近25年三峡库区土地覆被变化及驱动力分析

基于1990、2000、2005、2010和2015年五期30 m空间分辨率土地覆被遥感数据,利用动态度模型和转移矩阵,综合分析了近25 a三峡库区土地覆被的时空格局、变化特征及驱动力。研究结果表明：2015年三峡库区土地覆被以森林和耕地为主,分别占总面积的41.45%和24.58%;1990~2015年三峡库区人工表面、湿地、森林和其他用地的面积增长明显,耕地、灌丛和草地的面积整体减少,区域综合土地覆被动态度呈先增加后稳定的变化趋势,人工表面是最为活跃的土地覆被类型,其次是湿地和耕地;前10 a三峡库区人工表面占用耕地较为突出,后15 a土地覆被类型转换主要为森林、灌丛和耕地转为人工表面和湿地;三峡工程建设、移民安置与迁建、经济发展与城镇化导致人工表面不断扩张,水库蓄水导致湿地面积迅速增加,农业结构调整促使园地面积扩张。三峡库区近25 a来,在退耕还林等生态保护政策影响下,生态环境状况趋于改善,库区森林面积显著增加,坡耕地面积持续减少,但人地矛盾日益突出,研究结果可为后三峡时代库区生态环境保护与社会经济的协调发展提供数据支撑。     

湖南省非一致性极端高温频率特征分析

受气候变化和人类活动等因素影响,水文气象时间序列失去了一致性。以湖南省89个气象站点1960~2013年逐日气温资料为基础,选取年平均日最高温度（AMMT）和超过95th分位值的平均日最高温度（POT）,研究非一致性条件下湖南省极端高温指数的频率特征。结果表明：湖南省89个站点中有59个站点（66.3%）的AMMT序列和23个站点（25.8%）的POT序列呈现显著的非一致性。利用线性矩法和Cramer-von Mises（C-M）检验等方法,发现广义正态分布（GNO）函数能较好地拟合研究区极端高温指数序列。通过还原途径修正非一致性序列,并对修正前、后不同重现期水平下的极端高温指数的估算值进行对比,发现气候变化条件下AMMT序列在湘北、湘中和湘东南地区呈现强度增强和重现期缩短的趋势,而POT序列仅在湘北和湘东南地区呈现出相似的频率特征变化。     

Conservation prioritization with machine learning predictions for the black-necked crane Grus nigricollis,a flagship species on the Tibetan Plateau for 2070

Regional Environmental Change - Ongoing global climate change greatly alters the distribution of species, and such impacts are even amplified on the Tibetan Plateau. The black-necked crane (Grus...     

外源褪黑素对As3+胁迫下水稻种子萌发的影响

研究添加外源褪黑素对As³⁺胁迫下水稻种子萌发及生理指标的影响。结果表明添加外源褪黑素能促进As³⁺下水稻种子的萌发,提高水稻的发芽势和发芽率,促进水稻幼苗的生长。当As³⁺浓度为100 μmol L^-1时,添加100 μmol L^-1褪黑素使水稻种子发芽率和总根长比对照分别提高57.1%和50.0%。添加褪黑素能显著提高As³⁺胁迫下水稻幼苗中抗氧化酶系统过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性,并降低水稻幼芽中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。当As³⁺浓度为100 μmol L^-1时,添加50 μmol L^-1和100 μmol L^-1褪黑素导致水稻幼芽中POD活性比对照处理分别提高57.5%和114.8%,CAT活性提高29.4%和53.8%,SOD活性提高31.5%和56.0%,丙二醛含量比对照处理降低16.5%和31.9%。添加褪黑素也能显著提高As³⁺胁迫下水稻的根系活力,当As³⁺浓度为100 μmol L^-1时,50、100 μmol L^-1褪黑素处理后根系活力比对照分别提高42.4%和124.1%。说明添加外源褪黑素可缓解As³⁺胁迫对水稻的脂质过氧化损害,有效降低As对水稻内膜的破坏,显著缓解As污染对水稻的毒害作用。     

植物-微生物修复石油烃污染土壤与根际微生态环境变化

石油烃作为一类持久性难降解有机污染物对土壤环境质量产生严重的危害。以天津大港油田原油污染土壤中筛选出的耐低温高效石油烃降解菌为靶细胞,以小麦、紫花苜蓿作为供试植物,利用盆栽试验,对植物-外源菌协同修复体系中的脱氢酶活性和土壤微生物多样性进行研究,分析其变化及其与石油烃降解率的关系。结果表明植物-微生物协同修复对石油烃具有较好的降解能力,其中小麦-固定化外源菌组具有最高的降解率,石油烃含量从最初的30 600 mg獉kg-1下降为24 300 mg獉kg-1,降解率为20.6%,并且其试验后期石油烃的降解率最大,远远高于其他时期,表现出良好的修复潜力。外源菌投加的初始阶段会迅速提高脱氢酶活性,然而这种影响随着降解时间延长而逐渐减弱。初期脱氢酶活性与总石油烃的降解存在较好的相关性,脱氢酶活性可以在一定程度上表征土壤石油烃的降解情况。微生物多样性与总石油烃降解也存在一定的相关性。     

Comparison of sequential with intimate coupling of photolysis and biodegradation for benzotriazole

Benzotriazole (BTA) is an emerging contaminant that also is a recalcitrant compound. Sequential and intimate coupling of UV-photolysis with biodegradation were investigated for their impacts on BTA removal and mineralization in aerobic batch experiments. Special attention was given to the role of its main photolytic products, which were aminophenol (AP), formic acid (FA), maleic acid (MA), and phenazine (PHZ). Experiments with sequential coupling showed that BTA biodegradation was accelerated by photolytic pretreatment up to 9 min, but BTA biodegradation was slowed with longer photolysis. FA and MA accelerated BTA biodegradation by being labile electron-donor substrates, but AP and PHZ slowed the rate because of inhibition due to their competition for intracellular electron donor. Because more AP and PHZ accumulated with increasing photolysis time, their inhibitory effects began to dominate with longer photolysis time. Intimately coupling photolysis with biodegradation relieved the inhibition effect, because AP and PHZ were quickly biodegraded and did not accumulate, which accentuated the beneficial effect of FA and MA.

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The dissipation and risk assessment of 2,4-D sodium,a preharvest anti-fruit-drop plant hormone in bayberries

Preharvest fruit-drop is a challenge to bayberry production. 2,4-D sodium as a commonly used anti-fruit-drop hormone on bayberry can reduce the yield loss caused by preharvest fruit-drop. The persistence and risk assessment of 2,4-D sodium after applying on bayberries were investigated. A method for determining 2,4-D sodium in bayberry was established based on LC-MS-MS. The average recoveries of 2,4-D sodium were at the range of 93.7–95.8% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.9 to 2.8%. The dissipation rates of 2,4-D sodium were described using first-order kinetics, and its half-life ranged from 11.2 to 13.8 days. A bayberry consumption survey was carried out for Chinese adults for the first time. The safety assessments of 2,4-D sodium were conducted by using field trail data as well as monitoring data. Results showed that the chronic risk quotient and the acute risk quotient were calculated to be 0.23–0.59 and 0.02–0.05%, respectively, for Chinese adults, indicating low dietary risk for adults and children. In the end, the household cleaning steps were compared, and results showed that water rinsing for 1 min can remove 49.9% 2,4-D sodium residue, which provides pesticide removal suggestion for consumers.