用自旋捕集技术研究氟化物刺激人多形核白细胞呼吸爆发产生的活性氧自由基

用ESR波谱研究证明,F^-刺激人多形核白细胞（PMN）呼吸爆发产生活性氧自由基（O₂^-和·OH）,同时消耗O₂.用DMPO自旋捕集技术表明,在高浓度F^-刺激下PMN产生DMPO-OOH加合物;在低浓度F^-刺激下则产生DMPO-OH;在适中浓度F^-刺激下PMN先产生DMPO-OOH,随浓度降低变为DMPO-OH.用超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的实验确定氧自由基主要来自O₂^-.用CTPO和CrOX的自旋探针测氧法证明,PMN受F^-刺激产生氧自由基时消耗的O₂是细胞外介质中的O₂.     

三峡库区降水化学组成及时空变化特征

对2000-2009年三峡库区巴南、涪陵和万州3个观测点降水的pH、电导率及其主要化学成分的时空变化进行了分析研究.结果表明,巴南、涪陵、万州降水pH平均值分别为5.76、6.03和5.52,平均电导率分别为117.3、72.3和63.1 μS·cm-1,降水酸化趋势在逐渐增强,污染程度高于北京、成都、深圳、湖南等地.降水中SO42-占阴离子总量的77％,NH4+和Ca2为主要的阳离子.巴南、涪陵、万州3个监测点的[NO3-]/[SO42-]比值较低,分别为0.125、0.164和0.169,表明降水酸化类型为硫酸型.由于排放与气象条件(包括降雨量等)的季节性变化,各离子组分呈现明显的时空变化特征,总体表现为冬春季降水中离子浓度高于夏秋季,污染程度为巴南＞涪陵＞万州.     

低负荷氧化沟系统中EPS与活性污泥沉降性能的关系

污泥膨胀是氧化沟系统中常见的运行问题,为寻求有效的针对性污泥膨胀的控制措施,需要首先明确污泥膨胀发生的机理.因此,在实验室模拟氧化沟处理系统中,采用以可溶性淀粉为碳源的模拟生活污水,探索了系统内污泥EPS的变化及其与污泥膨胀的关系.试验结果显示,在低负荷氧化沟中,污泥出现丝状膨胀,污泥中EPS含量及EPS中蛋白质含量与污泥的沉降性能(SVI)之间呈现出明显的负线性关系,但EPS中糖的含量与污泥的SVI之间无明显的线性关系.适当提高污泥负荷,污泥的EPS含量增加、沉降性能改善.研究认为,在低负荷运行的系统且缺乏细菌可快速容易降解碳源的条件下出现的污泥中EPS减少,并非是氧化沟污泥发生丝状膨胀的致因,丝状菌的优势繁殖才是根本原因.不能通过控制EPS来影响氧化沟低负荷下的污泥丝状膨胀.     

Effects of iron (hydr)oxides on the degradation of diethyl phthalate ester in heterogeneous (photo)-Fenton reactions

This work studied the structural effects of hematite(α-Fe2 O3), 2-line ferrihydrite(HFO) and goethite(α-FeOOH) on diethyl phthalate ester(DEP) degradation. The results showed that the degradation of DEP was faster under 365 nm light irradiation than in the dark in the presence of iron(hydr)oxides. The apparent kinetic rates of DEP degradation followed the order HFO goethite ≈ hematite in the dark and HFO hematite goethite under 365 nm light irradiation. Two pathways governed H2 O2 decomposition efficiency on iron(hydr)oxide surfaces:(1) forming UOH on inherent surface hydroxyl groups(Fe-OH) and(2) producing O2 and H2 O on the surface oxygen vacancies. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) analyses indicated that HFO not only has high Fe-OH content but also has high Vo content, resulting in its low H2 O2 utilization efficiency(η). DEP was degraded through hydrogen abstraction and deesterification, and the major products were(OH)2-DEP, mono-ethyl phthalate(MEP), OH-MEP,and phthalate acid(PA). The study is important in understanding the transformation of phthalate esters in top surface soils and surface waters under ultraviolet light.     

Fe/C微电解-Fenton氧化-混凝沉淀-生化法处理染料母液废水

采用Fe/C微电解-Fenton氧化-混凝沉淀-生物接触氧化法处理强酸性染料生产母液废水。结果表明,组合工艺对该强酸性母液废水具有理想的处理效果。在铁炭处理单元,当铁炭比为2.5∶1,曝气量为90 L/h,HRT=80 min时,单级色度和COD去除率分别为77.2%和48.7%,BOD5/COD升高至0.30;Fenton氧化处理单元,当30%H2O2投加量为3 mL/L,pH=3.5,HRT=80 min时,单级色度和COD去除率分别为83.6%和77.4%,BOD5/COD升高至0.48。再经过混凝沉淀和生物接触氧化处理后,废水的色度和COD总去除率可分别高于99.8%和99.2%。     

Municipal solid waste pyrolysis under circulated pyrolytic gas atmosphere

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - RDF made of municipal solid waste was pyrolyzed under simulated pyrolytic gas (PG) atmosphere and N2 atmosphere. Besides pyrolysis temperature, the...     

关于O3和PM2.5协同控制的一些思考

细颗粒物(PM_2.5)和臭氧(O₃)是影响我国环境空气质量持续改善的两个关键污染物,具有一定的同根同源性,具备协同控制的基础条件。通过对现阶段我国实施O₃和PM_2.5协同控制的政策管理、科学机理、技术措施和能力建设等方面的系统分析,建议从国家层面科学划定O₃联防联控区域,优化区域联防联控机制;摸清O₃关键前体物VOCs和NOx的排放基数,建立VOCs分物种清单;量化协同方案,有序开展污染物、区域、行业多角度协同控制;开展O₃和PM_2.5协同机理研究,强化科学研究的支撑作用;开展VOCs综合治理,提高监管执法能力建设。以期实现O₃和PM_2.5短期削峰,长期达标。     

菌株RB5-M1脱色活性黑5的动力学及固定化条件

通过研究嗜水气单胞菌RB5-M1菌株对活性黑5的脱色过程,探讨了菌株脱色不同初始浓度的活性黑5的动力学模型,并从机械强度、包埋量和渗漏量3个方面,对菌株的固定化条件进行了优化。结果表明,当初始染料浓度为50、100、150、200、250和300 mg/L时,菌株脱色活性黑5的动力学过程均更为符合Monod零级反应模型。当冷却温度为30℃、PVA与海藻酸钠浓度比为10∶1、氯化钙浓度为2%、明胶浓度0.2%时,可以获得机械强度较好、包埋量较多的固定化颗粒。当氯化钙浓度2%、明胶浓度0.3%、PVA与海藻酸钠浓度9∶2、冷却温度20℃,可获得渗漏量较少的固定化颗粒。     

Evaluation of removal efficiency for acute toxicity and genotoxicity on zebrafish in anoxic–oxic process from selected municipal wastewater treatment plants

The anoxic–oxic (A/O) process has been extensively applied for simultaneous removal of organic contaminants and nitrogen in wastewater treatment. However, very little is known about its ability to remove toxic materials. Municipal wastewater contains various kinds of pollutants, some of which have recalcitrant genotoxicity and may cause potential threat to environment, and even can lead to extinction of many species. In this study, we have selected three municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) employing anoxic–oxic (A/O) process to evaluate their ability to remove acute toxicity and genotoxicity of wastewater. Mortality rate of zebrafish (Danio rerio) was used to evaluate acute toxicity, while micronucleus (MN) and comet assays were used to detect genotoxicity. Results showed that in this process the acute toxicity was completely removed as the treatment proceeded along with decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD) (<50 mg L^?1) in the effluent. However, in these treatment processes the genotoxicity was not significantly reduced, but an increase in genotoxicity was observed. Both MN and comet assays showed similar results. The eliminated effluent may pose genotoxic threaten although its COD level has met the Chinese Sewage Discharge Standard. This study suggests that further treatment of the wastewater is required after the A/O process to remove the genotoxicity and minimize the ecotoxicological risk.     

硝化菌的分离及特性分析

从联合脱硫脱氮填料塔中的陶粒上分离出两株硝化菌,命名为NS2和NS5,这2种菌均为革兰氏阴性菌。硝化能力测试结果表明:NS2和NS5能利用亚硝酸盐作为氮源,将亚硝酸盐转化成硝酸盐,硝化速率都达到60%以上。部分长度的16S rDNA序列同源性分析表明,NS2和NS5与Delftia sp.的同源性高达99%,并用MEGA程序对该菌株进行了系统发育进化分析。结合形态观察和生理生化鉴定,初步鉴定NS2,NS5为戴尔福特菌(Delftia sp.)。