Interaction and independence on methane oxidation of landfill cover soil among three impact factors: water, oxygen and ammonium

To understand the influence patterns and interactions of three important environmental factors, i.e. soil water content, oxygen concentration, and ammonium addition, on methane oxidation, the soils from landfill cover layers were incubated under full factorial parameter settings. In addition to the methane oxidation rate, the quantities and community structures of methanotrophs were analyzed to determine the methane oxidation capacity of the soils. Canonical correspondence analysis was utilized to distinguish the important impact factors. Water content was found to be the most important factor influencing the methane oxidation rate and Type II methanotrophs, and the optimum value was 15% (w/w), which induced methane oxidation rates 10- and 6- times greater than those observed at 5% (w/w) and 20% (w/w), respectively. Ambient oxygen conditions were more suitable for methane oxidation than 3% oxygen. The addition of 100 mg-N·kg_drysoil⁻¹ of ammonium induced different effects on methane oxidation capacity when conducted at low or high water content. With regard to the methanotrophs, Type II was sensitive to the changes of water content, while Type I was influenced by oxygen content. Furthermore, the methanotrophic acidophile, Verrucomicrobia, was detected in soils with a pH of 4.9, which extended their known living environments.     

芳香烃清洁硝化催化剂

综述了国内外有关芳香烃硝化过程中替代硫酸的催化剂的研究进展;介绍了沸石类催化剂、粘土类催化剂、离子交换树脂催化剂、固载化液体酸催化剂、金属氧化物及金属盐催化剂、杂多酸催化剂以及固体超强酸催化剂的合成及催化效率与优缺点.     

混合有机污染物在松花江水体中生物降解模拟研究

以松花江不同地点的江水和沉积物为微生物源,对江中检出的２１种有机污染物混合体系的生物降解过程进行模拟研究。结果表明,化合物结构、微生物源和驯化期是影响生物降解的主要因素;在驯化条件下,低浓度混合有机污染物的生物降解速率符合一级动力学方程。     

工艺条件及消毒用液氯对饮用水中挥发性卤代烃含量影响的研究

近百年来,饮用水的净化一直采用着絮凝沉淀、过滤、加氯消毒这一工艺,它对有效     

珊瑚碎屑颗粒内孔隙特性微观试验研究∗

珊瑚碎屑是一种特殊的岩土材料,其显著特征是存在大量的内孔隙。为了深入揭示珊瑚碎屑内孔隙特性,通过电镜扫描(SEM)和压汞试验(MIP),分别定性和定量化地分析了珊瑚碎屑颗粒表面及内部孔隙形态特征和分布规律。结果表明:珊瑚碎屑存在由珊瑚虫生长和微生物共生形成的两类大小、形态及分布不同的内孔隙;珊瑚碎屑的整体孔隙度为9%～25%,由珊瑚虫生长而形成的孔隙等效直径为10～200μm;由微生物形成的孔隙面孔隙度低,孔隙直径多为4μm以下,且等轴或不等轴孔隙占绝大部分。     

混合堆肥过程中挥发性固体含量的层次效应及动态变化

城市污泥与猪粪混合堆肥表明:升温期和高温期堆体上部有机物降解的差异较大,降温期堆体下部各层有机物降解的差异较大,且堆体内挥发性固体(VS)含量已形成明显的层次效应,腐熟期堆体中部有机物降解的差异较大,堆体内VS含量的层次效应仍很明显;不同堆肥期堆体内VS含量的差异由大到小分别为:降温期≥腐熟期>高温期>升温期,不同部位有机物降解程度由大到小为:上部>中部>下部;VS含量随时间的变化满足一级反应动力学方程,城市污泥和猪粪混合堆肥过程中VS的降解速率约为0.3kg·d^-1,VS含量降低了8.2%.     

非线性回归法计算曝气设备清水氧传递系数

分析对比作图法、线性回归法和非线性回归法计算曝气设备清水氧传递系数(KLa)各自的优缺点。指出在实际测定曝气设备性能中,使用非线性回归法计算KLa更加可靠．而且可以使测试过程更加容易控制。所以在实际测试过程中,推荐使用非线性回归法计算KLa。     

鲤鱼对2,6-二硝基甲苯的生物浓缩、消除与代谢研究

 以鲤鱼为实验生物，应用流动式摄取及释放装置，进行了2，6－二硝基甲苯（2，6－DNT）的生物浓缩与释放研究。取得了2，6－DNT在鲤鱼（全鱼）、肝及肠部的生物浓缩曲线。全鱼的浓缩曲线可以稳态（平台式）曲线描述，但是肝、肠部浓缩曲线均呈峰形。肝部峰快速下降后渐趋稳态，肠部峰下降未得稳态。峰形，肝在先，肠在后。对比2，6－DNT在全鱼及肝、肠的生物浓缩曲线，并参照报道_（1，2）指出，全鱼摄取曲线上各点所表现的浓度值为各时刻鱼体内各组织摄取化学品总重对全鱼重量的比值。肝、肠部峰形曲线预示了在肝、肠内生物浓缩过程发生了生物转化作用。对全鱼的生物浓缩过程应用单区一级动力学模型，求得BCF值与消除速率常数K₁与K₂，由K₁/K₂计算得到的BCF值与实测值相符。释放较慢，释放曲线呈双曲线形，半减期为4.8h。     

Insight into the dynamic microbial community and core bacteria in composting from different sources by advanced bioinformatics methods

Microbial communities are important for high composting efficiency and good quality composts. This study was conducted to compare the changes of physicochemical and bacterial characteristics in composting from different raw materials, including chicken manure (CM), duck manure (DM), sheep manure (SM), food waste (FW), and vegetable waste (VW). The role and interactions of core bacteria and their contribution to maturity in diverse composts were analyzed by advanced bioinformatics methods combined sequencing with co-occurrence network and structural equation modeling (SEM). Results indicated that there were obviously different bacterial composition and diversity in composting from diverse sources. FW had a low pH and different physiochemical characteristics compared to other composts but they all achieved similar maturity products. Redundancy analysis suggested total organic carbon, phosphorus, and temperature governed the composition of microbial species but key factors were different in diverse composts. Network analysis showed completely different interactions of core bacterial community from diverse composts but Thermobifida was the ubiquitous core bacteria in composting bacterial network. Sphaerobacter and Lactobacillus as core genus were presented in the starting mesophilic and thermophilic phases of composting from manure (CM, DM, SM) and municipal solid waste (FW, VW), respectively. SEM indicated core bacteria had the positive, direct, and the biggest (>?80%) effects on composting maturity. Therefore, this study presents theoretical basis to identify and enhance the core bacteria for improving full-scale composting efficiency facing more and more organic wastes.

     

Winsor I微乳液+臭氧氧化联合处理油基岩屑的研究

采用“含有配制油基钻井液用主乳和油相的Winsor I微乳液+臭氧氧化”联合工艺对油基岩屑进行处理,Winsor I微乳液处理油基岩屑后的所得基础油和部分主乳进入平衡油相,可以用来配制油基钻井液,臭氧氧化对岩屑进行深度处理,进一步降低岩屑表面含油量。论文以处理后岩屑含油量为指标,系统优化了微乳液组成、微乳液清洗油基岩屑工艺和臭氧氧化工艺。实验结果建议微乳液组成为“脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠+配制油基钻井液用主乳(2:1)”混合乳化剂浓度为6wt%,正戊醇浓度5 wt%,柴油浓度36 wt%,其他为盐水。推荐微乳液清洗条件为固液比1:5,室温下搅拌清洗60 min。此条件下岩屑含油量可以降低至1.41 wt%,微乳液重复使用4次后,岩屑含油量仍可以保持在2.0 wt%以下。臭氧氧化深度处理时,建议工艺条件为臭氧氧化时间40 min,清水pH=7,固液比1:5,臭氧流量5 mg/min,处理后岩屑含油量可降低至0.36wt%。