洗相废水中银回收技术研究

采用电解法和离子交换法回收洗相废水中的银.结果表明,电解法对高浓度含银洗相废水的银回收处理是一种行之有效的方法.对于中低浓度洗相废水中的银的回收,采用4%硫酸再生IRA-68离子交换树脂,树脂的交换能力可以增加4倍,再生时由于已交换的银被直接固定在树脂上,结果使得再生剂处置和银回收过程更加简单方便.IRA-68离子交换树脂回收中低浓度洗相废水中银的技术具有银回收效率更高、离子交换运行时间更长和操作更为简便等优点,使得传统的离子交换技术得到极大的改进和提高.     

葫芦岛市钢屯地区地下水钼污染状况调查

葫芦岛市是中国最重要的钼矿基地。而钼矿主要集中在葫芦岛市连山区钢屯镇。随着钼的大量开采和冶炼,导致大量生产废水外排和偷排,造成附近地区地下水污染,为了弄清该地区污染,为环境管理提供决策依据,我们对该地区的地下水中的钼进行了监测。     

低温雨雪冰冻灾害给农业气象工作的启示

在调查研究的基础上,综合多方面资料,详细介绍了2008年初我国南方地区低温雨雪冰冻灾害对该区域内农业生产的影响状况及影响特点,并提出了农业气象工作中存在的问题以及应加强的工作.     

3种淋洗剂对污染土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn去除效果的研究

以龙岩市新罗区特钢厂附近的Cd、Pb、Zn复合污染土壤为对象,研究HCl、柠檬酸和Na2-EDTA 3种淋洗剂对Cd、Ph、Zn的去除效果.淋洗剂浓度梯度设置为0.02～0.16 moL/L.淋洗5次.结果表明,HCl淋洗剂的适宜浓度和淋洗次数分别为0.10 mol/L和2次;柠檬酸为0.08 mol/L和2次;Na2-EMA为0.02 mol/L和1次.对3种淋洗组合的淋洗效率,淋洗成本和二次污染风险等的综合比较表明,对Cd、Ph、Zn复合污染土壤,采用0.1 mol/L的HCl为淋洗剂,淋洗2次时可以达到较好的淋洗、修复效果.     

武汉湖泊富营养化遥感调查与评价

利用武汉东湖各子湖多年可靠的地面监测资料和1999年9月Landsat-7的TM各波段的卫星遥感数据,建立了各子湖的营养状态指数与TMb5图像上的灰度值之间的线性关系模型,并运用该模型对武汉各湖泊进行富营养化评价。同时基于地面监测资料,用日本学者相崎守弘提出的修正富营养化指数法对武汉主要湖泊的富营养化程度进行评价。两种方法评价结果都显示,武汉大多数湖泊呈富营养化状态,一些湖泊已接近甚至达到极富营养化。在用两种方法同时评价的十个湖泊中,有四个湖泊的评价结果完全一致,其余的六个湖泊富营养化程度只相差一个级别。两种方法评价结果存在差异,可能有以下三个原因;（1）遥感方法反映了是图像所在时段的某一个区域上的平均值,营养化指数法反映的是若干个采样站的年平均值;（2）TM图像的获取时间比地面监测的时间晚;（3）遥感影像可能受到云、泥沙等悬浮物、高等水生植物以及湖泊水深等的影响。遥感评价结果与地面监测结果基本一致,利用遥感进行湖泊水体富营养化监测价是可行的,有效的,利用该方法可进行大范围的湖泊富营养化调查评价。     

滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理研究

随着滇池治理的进展,在今后一个时期内,恢复滇池饮用水环境功能,成为滇池治理的首要目标和任务。围绕滇池流域水资源供求平衡,采用水资源全要素配置框架下的三次平衡分析理论,从整体上分析了滇池流域水资源供求平衡关系及存在的主要问题,提出了以需求为导向,建立滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理目标和措施。分析表明：在滇池治理的基础上,通过建立滇池流域水资源综合平衡管理体系,落实管理措施,从总量平衡的理论上能够充分发挥引水工程的作用,恢复滇池饮用水环境功能,实现水量、水质供求的综合平衡。建议进一步开展量化分析和模拟实验研究,为在滇池流域实施综合平衡管理提供可靠依据和建议     

Irrigation Water Allocation Using an Inexact Two‐Stage Quadratic Programming with Fuzzy Input under Climate Change

Agricultural irrigation accounts for nearly 70% of the total water use around the world. Uncertainties and climate change together exacerbate the complexity of optimal allocation of water resources for irrigation. An interval‐fuzzy two‐stage stochastic quadratic programming model is developed for determining the plans for water allocation for irrigation with maximum benefits. The model is shown to be applicable when inputs are expressed as discrete, fuzzy or random. In order to reflect the effect of marginal utility on benefit and cost, the model can also deal with nonlinearities in the objective function. Results from applying the model to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, China, show schemes for water allocation for irrigation of different crops in every month of the crop growth period under various flow levels are effective for achieving high economic benefits. Different climate change scenarios are used to analyze the impact of changing water requirement and water availability on irrigation water allocation. The proposed model can aid the decision maker in formulating desired irrigation water management policies in the wake of uncertainties and changing environment.     

Pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics in livestock manure and manure-amended soils in Jiangsu province,China

The aim of this study was to investigate the pollution characteristics of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil of livestock farms in Jiangsu province. This investigation employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A total of 53 manure and 50 amended soil samples from 16 livestock farms in Jiangsu province were collected for analysis. In the manure samples, the highest detected frequencies and concentrations were those of tetracyclines (TCs, 54.1 ± 5775.6 μgkg^?1), followed by fluoroquinolones (FQs, 8.4 ± 435.6 μgkg^?1), sulphonamides (SAs, 3.2 ± 5.2 μgkg^?1) and macrolides (MACs, 0.4 ± 110.5 μgkg^?1). Statistical analysis was used to illuminate the pollution characteristics of 23 veterinary antibiotics for various animal types and different regions in Jiangsu province. The results showed that the pollution level in cow manure was relatively lower compared with pig and chicken manure due to the relative restriction of medication. Furthermore, contamination was serious in amended soil from chicken farms. The pollution level in manure among different regions was higher to the south and north compared with the centre of the region. The same outcome was found for soil. Antibiotic residues in organic fertilizer were also investigated in this study. We found that although the detected concentration was lower in organic fertilizer than in fresh manure, detection frequencies (10–90%) were high, especially for roxithromycin (90%) in MACs (30–90%). This finding suggests attention should be paid to the pollution levels in organic fertilizer. This study is the first extensive investigation of the occurrence and distribution of many kinds of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure and soil from livestock farms of Jiangsu province. This investigation systematically assesses veterinary antibiotics usage and related emissions in southeast China.     

Research and application of method of oxygen isotope of inorganic phosphate in Beijing agricultural soils

Phosphorus (P) in agricultural ecosystems is an essential and limited element for plants and microorganisms. However, environmental problems caused by P accumulation as well as by P loss have become more and more serious. Oxygen isotopes of phosphate can trace the sources, migration, and transformation of P in agricultural soils. In order to use the isotopes of phosphate oxygen, appropriate extraction and purification methods for inorganic phosphate from soils are necessary. Here, we combined two different methods to analyze the oxygen isotopic composition of inorganic phosphate (δ¹⁸O_P) from chemical fertilizers and different fractions (Milli-Q water, 0.5 mol L^?1 NaHCO₃ (pH = 8.5), 0.1 mol L^?1 NaOH and 1 mol L^?1 HCl) of agricultural soils from the Beijing area. The δ¹⁸O_P results of the water extracts and NaHCO₃ extracts in most samples were close to the calculated equilibrium value. These phenomena can be explained by rapid P cycling in soils and the influence of chemical fertilizers. The δ¹⁸O_P value of the water extracts and NaHCO₃ extracts in some soil samples below the equilibrium value may be caused by the hydrolysis of organic P fractions mediated by extracellular enzymes. The δ¹⁸O_P values of the NaOH extracts were above the calculated equilibrium value reflecting the balance state between microbial uptake of phosphate and the release of intracellular phosphate back to the soil. The HCl extracts with the lowest δ¹⁸O_P values and highest phosphate concentrations indicated that the HCl fraction was affected by microbial activity. Hence, these δ¹⁸O_p values likely reflected the oxygen isotopic values of the parent materials. The results suggested that phosphate oxygen isotope analyses could be an effective tool in order to trace phosphate sources, transformation processes, and its utilization by microorganisms in agricultural soils.     

Influence of filtration velocity on DON variation in BAF for micropolluted surface water treatment

Biological aerated filters (BAFs) are widely used for the treatment of micropolluted surface water. However, the biological process produces dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), which, as precursors of nitrogenous disinfection by-products, pose potential threats to drinking water safety. Therefore, to control DON in BAF effluent, it is necessary to study the influence of BAF operation parameters on DON production. In this study, the influence of filtration velocity in a BAF on DON production was investigated. Under different filtration velocity (0.5, 2, and 4 m/h) conditions, profiles of DON concentrations along the media layer were measured. The profile at a filtration velocity of 0.5 m/h showed a decreasing trend, and the ones under filtration velocities of 2 and 4 m/h fluctuated in a small range (from 0.1 to 0.4 mg/L). Moreover, the relatively high filtration velocities of 2 and 4 m/h resulted in a lower level of DON concentration. Additionally, 3D excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy was used to characterize DON. It is found that the patterns of DON at a relatively high filtration velocity condition (4 m/h) were obviously different from the ones under low filtration velocity conditions (0.5 and 2 m/h).