复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素及其单药的体内外致突变性研究

农业生产上常用的阿苯达唑和伊维菌素均有一定的致突变性。为了解伊维菌素和阿苯达唑按1:24形成固定剂量复方的致突变性,以及复方和单药致突变性的差异,采用Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验和小鼠精子畸变试验进行复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素及其单药的致突变性研究。结果表明,复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素能提高小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞的微核率和精子畸形率,但在单复方的比较中发现,单药的微核率和精子畸形率均高于复方,表明复方毒性有所降低。同时,无论是复方还是单药均不能提高组氨酸缺陷型沙门氏菌的突变率。以上表明,虽然复方阿苯达唑/伊维菌素致突变毒性低于单药,但仍然是一种能引起小鼠骨髓微核率和精子畸形率升高的致突变阳性药物,因此需警惕该药物的食品残留问题及对生态环境的危害。     

二氧化钛薄膜光催化性能的影响因素及提高途径

TiO2薄膜光催化技术有广阔的应用前景,在国内外得到了广泛的研究。介绍了TiO2薄膜光催化降解的研究现状,指出了影响薄膜光催化性能的若干因素和提高薄膜光催化效率的相应手段。另外,对金属复合、半导体复合对TiO2薄膜光催化性能的影响和可见光催化的研究现状进行了评述。     

斜生栅藻降解苯酚的动力学研究

研究结果表明,斜生栅藻在驯化１０ｄ后具备降解苯酚的能力,在２００ｍｇ／Ｌ初始浓度下,５ｄ时间内苯酚被全部降解,日平均降解速率达４０ｍｇ／Ｌ。在４００ｍｇ／Ｌ初始浓度下,６ｄ时间内日平均降解速率为７．５ｍｇ／Ｌ。在高初始浓度的苯酚不仅明显抑制了斜生栅藻的生长,而且抑制了斜生栅藻的降解活性,导致降解速度下降。用最近提出的生物降解二级反应动力学方程拟合上述降解过程,在苯酚初始浓度分别为２００ｍｇ／Ｌ和４００ｍｇ／Ｌ下,计算值与实测值之间的标准偏差分别为６．９ｍｇ／Ｌ和４．４ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

Texture Analysis for Mapping Tamarix parviflora Using Aerial Photographs along the Cache Creek, California

Natural color photographs were used to detect the coverage of saltcedar, Tamarix parviflora, along a 40 km portion of Cache Creek near Woodland, California. Historical aerial photographs from 2001 were retrospectively evaluated and compared with actual ground-based information to assess accuracy of the assessment process. The color aerial photos were sequentially digitized, georeferenced, classified using color and texture methods, and mosaiced into maps for field use. Eight types of ground cover (Tamarix, agricultural crops, roads, rocks, water bodies, evergreen trees, non-evergreen trees and shrubs (excluding Tamarix)) were selected from the digitized photos for separability analysis and supervised classification. Due to color similarities among the eight cover types, the average separability, based originally only on color, was very low. The separability was improved significantly through the inclusion of texture analysis. Six types of texture measures with various window sizes were evaluated. The best texture was used as an additional feature along with the color, for identifying Tamarix. A total of 29 color photographs were processed to detect Tamarix infestations using a combination of the original digital images and optimal texture features. It was found that the saltcedar covered a total of 3.96 km² (396 hectares) within the study area. For the accuracy assessment, 95 classified samples from the resulting map were checked in the field with a global position system (GPS) unit to verify Tamarix presence. The producer's accuracy was 77.89%. In addition, 157 independently located ground sites containing saltcedar were compared with the classified maps, producing a user's accuracy of 71.33%.     

氢氧化钾生产废水的膜处理技术改进

采用膜分离集成新工艺,对氢氧化钾生产废水传统处理工艺进行改造.通过改进离子交换树脂再生技术,去除废水污染物;增加预处理措施,延长离子膜的使用寿命;采用超滤-纳滤-反渗透工艺,降低能耗;清污分流,减少废水排放量;调控除硝工艺中氯化钡用量,解决重金属的累积问题.处理后的淡水作为循环水补充用水,浓缩水用于生产过程溶解氯化钾.     

膜性能增效剂在膜生物反应器中的应用

将膜性能增效剂(MPE)作为絮凝剂加入到膜生物反应器(MBR)中,对比了MPE加入前后MBR中空纤维膜组件的污染程度.实验发现,MPE加入前后,MBR的COD去除率均高于90%.未加MPE时MBR的膜驱动压力(TMP)超过0.015 MPa后,TMP快速增长,表明MBR的中空纤维膜组件很快被污染.加入MPE后,TMP增长速率较慢,表明MPE对膜污染起到延缓的作用.MPE与膜上的主要污染物溶解性微生物产物和胞外聚合物作用后,絮体变大,使分散悬浮在水中的胞外聚合物不会沉积在中空纤维膜组件表面,明显改善了MBR中空纤维膜组件的污染程度.     

Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in breast milk from North China: Implication of exposure pathways

The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs; sum of eight congeners: BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined (by high resolution gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometry) in samples from primiparous women collected in 2006 in Tianjin, China. Dietary and lifestyle habits of the participants were obtained by questionnaires. The median total PBDE concentration (including BDE-28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183) was 2500 pg g⁻¹ lipid weight, ranging from 1700 to 4500 pg g⁻¹ lipid weight. These levels were in the same range as those from Europe and Japan but much lower than those from North America. The congener profile in China was also different from other countries. The contribution of BDE-28 was around 15%, much higher than any other country, implying that a different Penta-BDE formulation might be used in the Chinese market. The lower ratio of the sum of BDE-47, 99, and 100 to the sum of BDE-153 and 154 suggested that Octa-products were in more demand in China. A significant correlation was found between a woman’s PBDE concentration and the time she used electronic appliances (h/d). This implies that electronics are a potential source of PBDEs to people. Inhalation or ingestion of particulate matter (such as dust) may also be an important exposure pathway. There was no significant correlation between the PBDE concentration and the consumption of meat, fish, and milk. Further research is needed to determine the specific contribution of each exposure route and their health effects.     

炭管膜曝气生物膜反应器SNAD脱氮研究

以包裹无纺布的微孔炭管作为膜曝气生物膜反应器（MABR）的膜组件,进行了短程硝化,厌氧氨氧化和反硝化耦合脱氮(SNAD)研究。实验中,控制温度34±1℃,pH 7.5～8.5, HRT 8 h,通过逐步降低膜内压力使反应器中的溶解氧由8 mg/L逐步降低到0.5 mg/L以下。实验采用亚硝酸细菌挂膜,然后接种厌氧氨氧化细菌,实现在单一反应器中同时发生短程硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化耦合脱氮功能。结果表明,经过180 d的连续稳定运行,氨氮去除率达到了93.4%,总氮去除率达到了92.5%,COD去除率达到97.2%, 氨氮去除负荷0.6 kg N/（m³ ·d）。适合SNAD工艺的最佳C/N比为0.2～0.6,当COD浓度过高时,会抑制厌氧氨氧化细菌,使SNAD工艺的处理效果明显下降。     

基于人工神经元网络的滑坡稳定性预测评价

由于滑坡岩土体的结构与物理力学性质表现在宏观和微观上有着不连续性和高度的非线性等特点,其稳定性受地质因素和工程因素等综合影响,岩土体变形、演化规律的非线性和内在因素的非线性决定了滑坡是一个复杂多变的非线性系统.根据滑坡失稳的非线性特征,将人工神经元网络BP模型应用到滑坡稳定性的评价预测中,借助MATLAB的人工神经元网络工具箱,以国道G324上的86个滑坡数据为训练和预测样本对模型进行了实验和验证,结果表明,所建立的滑坡稳定性预测方法具有较高的预测精度.     

地质灾害防治集对论优态共存准则

地质灾害是威胁人民生命与财产安全、影响经济社会可持续发展的重大问题.我国是世界上地质灾害最严重的国家之一,加强地质灾害防治关乎国计民生.地质灾害是自然作用和人类活动影响下地质环境恶化的结果,其孕育与发展受多重因素制约,过程具有诸多不确定性,给灾害预警及防灾减灾带来影响.借助系统工程中处理不确定性的"集对分析"理论,剖析了地质灾害防治中相关因素及其作用与转化,探讨了系统不确定性的分析与处理方法,提出了地质环境开发利用与生态环境保护相互协同的优态共存准则,以助于有效保障人与社会的安全和发展,并为灾害学研究提供有益借鉴.