Emission characteristics of dioxins, furans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during fluidized-bed combustion of sewage sludge

Pre-dried sewage sludge with high sulfur content was combusted in an electrically heated lab-scale fluidized-bed incinerator. The emission characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied. Coal and calcium oxide (CaO) were added during the sewage sludge combustion tests to optimize combustion conditions and control SO2 emission. The results indicated that the flue gases emitted during mono-combustion of sewage sludge were characterized by relatively high concentrations of SO2, NOx and organic pollutants, due to the high sulfur, nitrogen, and volatile matter content of sewage sludge. The total 16 USEPA priority PAHs and 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs produced from sewage sludge combustion were found to be 106.14 g/m3 and 8955.93 pg/m3 in the flue gas, respectively. In the case of cocombustion with coal (msludge/mcoal = 1:1), the 16 PAHs and 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs concentrations were markedly lower than those found during mono-combustion of sewage sludge. During co-combustion, a suppressant e ect of CaO on PCDD/Fs formation was observed.     

Moisture distribution in sludges based on di erent testing methods

Moisture distributions in municipal sewage sludge, printing and dyeing sludge and paper mill sludge were experimentally studied based on four di erent methods, i.e., drying test, thermogravimetric-di erential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) test, thermogravimetricdi erential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) test and water activity test. The results indicated that the moistures in the mechanically dewatered sludges were interstitial water, surface water and bound water. The interstitial water accounted for more than 50% wet basis (wb) of the total moisture content. The bond strength of sludge moisture increased with decreasing moisture content, especially when the moisture content was lower than 50% wb. Furthermore, the comparison among the four di erent testing methods was presented. The drying test was advantaged by its ability to quantify free water, interstitial water, surface water and bound water; while TG-DSC test, TG-DTA test and water activity test were capable of determining the bond strength of moisture in sludge. It was found that the results from TG-DSC and TG-DTA test are more persuasive than water activity test.     

基于风险的压缩天然气加气站安全距离研究

首次以个体自然死亡概率为基础,确定个体风险标准,提出压缩天然气加气站关键设备与暴露目标之间安全距离确定方法的基本原则在此基础上,根据泄漏模式确定关键设备泄漏频率,采用几何风险消减因子对泄漏频率进行修正,选出需要计算安全距离的关键设备,按照伤害准则,确定关键设备发生危险场景的安全距离.     

运用水质指数法评价厦门石兜—坂头水库水质

石兜—坂头水库是厦门市的重要饮用水水源地,其水质的好坏直接影响供水安全保障。根据2007年11月-2011年10月的水质监测数据,参照GB 3838-2002Ⅱ类水质标准,将27项水质监测指标分为3类,计算历年丰、平、枯水期水质综合指数(WQI),评价水质状况。结果表明:①难处理的毒性污染指标的WQI值小于10,远未危及水质安全;②易净化的污染指标中高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、大肠杆菌等在个别时段超标;③影响水质的最主要指标是总磷和总氮,单项指数常年保持在40以上,并曾一度接近80,达到Ⅳ类水质标准,水体受到一定的氮、磷污染。④4年来,水质变化处于相对比较稳定的状态,丰、平、枯水期水质变化不甚明显,最大WQI为33.3,水质评价为优良,是合格的供水水源地。就污染物成因及该水源地保护措施进行了探讨。     

天然气管道科技防范措施应用现状分析

为了及时发现泄漏和防止第三方破坏,越来越多的科技防范措施应用到天然气管道,通过技术手段对管道泄漏和人为破坏进行及时监测和预警。文章从科技防范措施的原理和功能定位的不同将目前的输油气管道科技防范措施分成泄漏监测技术和安全预警技术两大类。分别对主要泄漏监测技术和安全预警技术的原理和应用研究现状进行了总结。提出了我国天然气管道科技防范技术应用中存在的问题,并提出了相关建议。通过调研和分析,次声波泄漏监测技术和安全预警技术在天然气管道上具有良好的应用前景。     

盐胁迫对沙棘幼苗生K与光合生理特征的影响

用不同浓度的NaCl处理沙棘(Hippophea rhamnoides)2 a生幼苗,研究盐胁迫对其生长、叶片水分、光合生理特征以及叶绿素含量的影响.结果表明,随着盐浓度的增加,沙棘幼苗鲜重、干重、比叶重(LMA)和单株总叶面积均明显下降.盐胁迫下,沙棘叶片出现严重的缺水现象,导致叶水势()、叶片相对含水量(RWC)逐渐下降,而叶片水分饱和亏缺(WSD)、组织密度(TD)逐渐升高.同时,叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、总叶绿素(Chl)、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量和叶绿索a/b(Chl a/Chl b)与对照相比均极显著降低.随着盐浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,沙棘幼苗叶片净光合速率(pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均明显下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先降后升,气孔限制值(Ls)和水分利用效率(唧)则先升后降.研究表明,Pn下降的原因短期内以气孔限制为主,长期则以叶片生理代谢紊乱、光合色素降解导致的光合能力下降等非气孔限制因素为主,且盐浓度越高,由气孔限制转为非气孔限制的时间越早.     

生态沟渠净化稻田排水动力学分析和生物相特征

本研究以太湖流域常见的菱角、水葫芦、梭鱼草、圆币草等水生植物和人工水草、塑料立体弹性填料为生态强化载体,构建"水生植物-载体生物膜-菌藻"复合型生态系统,研究了稻田排水中的氮、磷等营养元素的去除特性,构建氮、磷污染物的降解动力学模型,并调查了沟渠内"微生物-藻类"生物相特征.结果表明,生态沟渠运行期间,随着水稻进入不同的生长阶段,系统内氮、磷等营养元素的去除率都呈普遍下降趋势,总磷、氨氮、总氮、硝态氮平均去除率分别达到87.1%、92.3%、77.5%、88.6%,其中氨氮的去除率最高,化学需氧量(CODMn)的去除效果并不显著,各实验周期的污染物降解趋势均符合一级动力学降解模型.经生物相分析揭示:随着复合生态系统运行延续,系统内微生物、藻类的种类及Shannon-Weiner index等多样性指数呈不断增长趋势,表明复合生态系统水质改善后更适于多种类细菌与藻类生存与繁殖;复合生态系统中的菌、藻、水生植物及其表面附着的生物膜对污染物的去除具有协同作用,强化了生态沟渠的自净能力.     

Industrial waste utilization method: producing poly-ferric sulfate (PFS) from sodium-jarosite residue

Sodium-jarosite is a type of industrial waste that results from hydrometallurgy and inorganic chemical production. The iron content of jarosite residue may be utilized to produce theoretically the ferrous materials. The difficulty in production of high quality poly-ferric sulfate (PFS) is how to remove impurities contained in jarosite residue. This paper proposes a novel method for disposing sodium-jarosite which can be used to synthesize PFS, a very important reagent for treating waste water. The method consists of a two-step leaching experimental procedures. The first step, pre-leaching process, is to remove impurity metals by strictly controlling the leaching conditions. The acid concentration of acidic water was adjusted according to the content of impurity metals in sodium-jarosite and the leaching temperature was controlled at 25°C. The second step is to decompose sodium-jarosite to provide enough ferric ions for synthesizing PFS, the concentrated sulfuric acid consumption was 0.8 mL·g^-1 sodium-jarosite and the leaching temperature was above 60°C. In the experiment, decomposing iron from sulfate sodium-jarosite can take the place of ferric martials for synthesizing PFS. Results show that the PFS synthesized from sodium-jarosite had a high poly-iron complex Fe_4.67(SO₄)₆(OH)₂·20H₂O. Further, the PFS product’s specifications satisfied the national standard of China.     

KMnO4改性活性炭对臭气中甲硫醇的吸附特性

针对普通活性炭对污水厂臭气中甲硫醇吸附量低的问题,采用KMnO4浸渍改性以获得高甲硫醇吸附量的改性活性炭,通过低温氮吸附仪、扫描电子显微镜和Boehm滴定等表征揭示改性后活性炭吸附量提高的原因,并进行改性活性炭吸附甲硫醇的动力学和热力学研究。结果表明:在KMnO_4浓度为1%、温度为25℃、活性炭与浸渍液质量比为8∶100的条件下浸渍6 h,改性活性炭对甲硫醇的静态吸附量最高,达到344.22 mg·g~(-1),是未改性前的4.04倍:改性活性炭对甲硫醇吸附量提高的原因主要是表面碱性基团的增加(是原来的2.53倍),以及微孔容积和比表面积的增加。改性活性炭对甲硫醇的吸附符合准二级动力学模型,同时粒子内扩散模型显示吸附过程由气相扩散和内扩散共同作用;符合Freundlich吸附等温方程,具有多层吸附特征,且吸附容易进行,属于优惠吸附,是一个自发、放热和熵减的过程,升温不利于对甲硫醇的吸附。     

基于CFD的两种紫外消毒模型的比较研究

为了预测紫外反应器的消毒效率,提高模拟的准确度,对两种紫外光强模型进行了比较分析。利用CFD技术,采用数值模拟的方法,对线源和柱源两种光强模型进行了光强分布以及消毒效率的模拟,并采用生物实验进行了验证。结果表明:与柱源模型相比,线源模型在近灯管处强度高42.3%,在1.2 cm处二者趋于一致;针对同一管式紫外反应器,透光率为95%时,线源模型的模拟结果偏大,柱源结果偏小;透光率为80%时,线源及柱源模型的模拟结果都偏大,流量及模型影响较小,透光率成为主要影响因素。综合比较,柱源模型适用于小型管式紫外灯消毒数值模型的开发。