A critical review on the recycling of copper and precious metals from waste printed circuit boards using hydrometallurgy

Currently, increasing amounts of end-of-life (EoL) electronic products are being generated due to their reduced life spans and the unavailability of suitable recycling technologies. In particular, waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) have become of global concern with regard to environmental issues because of their high metal and toxic material contents, which are pollutants. There are many environmental threats owed to the disposal of electronic waste; off-gasses, such as dioxins, furans, polybrominated organic pollutants, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, can be generated during thermal treatments, which can cause serious health problems if effective off-gas cleaning systems are not developed and improved. Moreover, heavy metals will dissolve, and release into the ground water from the landfill sites. Such waste PCBs contain precious metals which are of monetary value. Therefore, it is beneficial to recover the metal content and protect the environment from pollution. Hydrometallurgy is a successful technique used worldwide for the recovery of precious metals (especially gold and silver) from ores, concentrates, and waste materials. It is generally preferred over other methods because it can offer high recovery rates at a relatively low cost. This article reviews the recent trends and developments with regard to the recycling of precious metals from waste PCBs through hydrometallurgical techniques, such as leaching and recovery.

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对一起热水锅炉爆管事故的分析

通过对一起锅炉爆管事故的现场检查 ,详细地分析了爆管的原因 ,并提出了处理意见     

前置反硝化-硝化生物滤池工艺物料平衡分析

针对前置反硝化(DN)-硝化(CN)生物滤池工艺进行碳(COD)、氮、磷平衡分析,建立了该工艺的物料衡算方法。分析结果表明:DN池中反硝化的碳源主要是甲醇,占DN池反硝化碳源量的70.8%。入流总氮中有13.7%通过CN池的同步硝化反硝化过程去除;入流COD中有46.4%通过CN池中异养菌的好氧氧化去除;入流磷总量约有75.9%被微生物利用。CN池中硝化过程耗氧量为29.0%,占供氧量的比例最大。     

膨润土对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋的吸附动力学及等温线研究

研究所用膨润土的主要成分为SiO2和Al2O3，属于Ca基膨润土，BET表面积为50．83m^2／g。在恒温及恒定pH条件下，用静态吸附法研究了膨润土对Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋的吸附特性，结果表明其较好地符合Lagergren二级吸附速率方程，对这3种离子的吸附速率为Pb^2＋〉Cu^2＋〉Cr^3＋。利用3种等温线方程对吸附过程进行拟合，发现利用Langmuir吸附等温方程计算的值与膨润土吸附Pb^2＋、Cu^2＋、Cr^3＋试验数据最为吻合。膨润土对3种金属离子的平衡吸附量为Cr^3＋〉Cu^2＋〉Pb^2＋。     

Synchronous fluorescence technique and its use in identification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in urine samples

The synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy of three polymiclear aromatic hydrocarbons was studied. It was shown that the specific Δλ of the spectra were 10nm for benzo(k) fluoranthene, 25 nm for benzo(a) pyrene, and 40 nm for pyrene. The peaks of the spectra were at 407, 404, and 373 nm for the three chemicals, respectively. Benzo(k) fluoranthene, benzo(a) pyrene, and pyrene in the urine samples from smokers were identified by high pressure liquid chromatography combined with the synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy.     

A novel multistage anoxic/aerobic process with sludge regeneration zone (R-MAO) for advanced nitrogen removal from domestic sewage

To achieve advanced nitrogen removal from actual municipal sewage, a novel multistage anoxic/aerobic process with sludge regeneration zone (R-MAO) was developed. The reactor was used to treat actual domestic sewage and the nitrogen removal capacity of the sludge regeneration zone (R zone) was investigated during the long-term operation. The best performance was obtained at the R zone's Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) of -50±30 mV and hydraulic residence times (HRT) of 1.2 hr. The average effluent COD, TN, NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N of the R-MAO process were 18.0±2.3, 7.5±0.6, 1.0±0.5 and 4.6±0.4 mg/L, respectively, with the corresponding removal efficiency of COD, TN and NH₄⁺-N were 92.9%±1.0%, 84.1%±1.5% and 97.5%±1.1%. Compared to the sole MAO system, the TN removal efficiency of the R-MAO increased by 10.1%. Besides, under the optimal conditions, the contribution of the R zone in the R-MAO that removal COD, TN, NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N were 0.36, 0.15, 0.032 and 0.82 g/day. High-throughput sequencing results showed that uncultured_bacterium_f_Burkholderiaceae (5.20%), OLB8 (1.04%) and Ottowia (1.03%) played an important role in denitrification in the R zone. This study provided effective guidance for the design and operation of the R-MAO process in domestic sewage treatment.     

重庆市建筑工地PM10污染状况调查

报导了重庆城市不同类型建筑工地PM10污染状况。为了解城市建筑工地对大气环境中PM10污染的影响。对重庆市主城区典型在建工地，建成工地和施工前工地的PM10污染状况进行了现场监测。结果表明，在建的江北滨江路工地PM10的污染很严重，日均值为0.326mg/m^3，建工地PM10平均浓度比建成工地高82.1%。比施工前工地高78.1%。这应引起相关部门的高度重视，对在建工地采取有效措施予以管理。     

亚硝酸钠对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞侵袭能力的影响

为了研究亚硝酸钠对人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞侵袭能力的影响,用0.25 mmol.L-1 亚硝酸钠孵育细胞48 h,然后收集细胞培养液上清.用人工基底膜包被的Transwell小室记录细胞侵袭能力,考马斯亮蓝及α-微管蛋白免疫荧光染色观察细胞骨架,western blot检测细胞基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs）表达.结果显示,用亚硝酸钠孵育SMMC-7721细胞48 h,穿膜细胞为211.5±17.6个,较对照组176.3±15.5个具有显著性差异（P﹤0.05）;用亚硝酸钠孵育48h细胞培养液上清加无血清培养液组细胞穿膜数为165.12±7.90个,较无血清培养液阴性对照组30.32±11个明显增多（P﹤0.05）;细胞培养液上清加含10%牛血清白蛋白（FBS）组细胞穿膜数为186.73±9.41个,较单纯含10%FBS阳性对照组细胞穿膜数170.54±9.6个也增多（P﹤0.05）. 0.25 mmol.L-1 亚硝酸钠处理细胞48 h,细胞骨架微丝聚合呈应力纤维,沿细胞纵轴延伸,使细胞胞体伸长,微管蛋白聚合;MMP-2 和MMP-9蛋白表达增加.上述结果说明,亚硝酸钠通过诱导细胞骨架重排,促进人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞侵袭能力.     

液化天然气(LNG)接收站定量风险评估

介绍了定量风险评估的概念及其主要步骤,结合LNG接收站定量风险评估实例,阐述了定量风险评估技术的实施过程.     

石油化工企业安全距离确定方法综述

对"专家判断"法、确定性分析方法、基于风险(Risk-based)的方法和风险指引(Risk-informed)方法等安全距离确定方法的发展运用、分析流程、关键要素、优缺点等进行探讨。建议关注确定性分析方法和风险方法研究。对确定性分析方法,建议加强石油化工企业可信事故场景和伤害标准的研究;对基于风险的方法,建议加大风险指引方法的研究,并制定合理的石油化工企业风险标准,以便采取更加科学合理的方法来制定石油化工企业的安全距离。