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201.
Zurbrügg C Gfrerer M Ashadi H Brenner W Küper D 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(11):2126-2133
According to most experts, integrated and sustainable solid waste management should not only be given top priority, but must go beyond technical aspects to include various key elements of sustainability to ensure success of any solid waste project. Aside from project sustainable impacts, the overall enabling environment is the key feature determining performance and success of an integrated and affordable solid waste system. This paper describes a project-specific approach to assess typical success or failure factors. A questionnaire-based assessment method covers issues of: (i) social mobilisation and acceptance (social element), (ii) stakeholder, legal and institutional arrangements comprising roles, responsibilities and management functions (institutional element); (iii) financial and operational requirements, as well as cost recovery mechanisms (economic element). The Gianyar Waste Recovery Project in Bali, Indonesia was analysed using this integrated assessment method. The results clearly identified chief characteristics, key factors to consider when planning country wide replication but also major barriers and obstacles which must be overcome to ensure project sustainability. The Gianyar project consists of a composting unit processing 60tons of municipal waste per day from 500,000 inhabitants, including manual waste segregation and subsequent composting of the biodegradable organic fraction. 相似文献
202.
Mathias Franz Stephanie Kramer-Schadt Werner Kilian Jürgen Groeneveld 《Ecological modelling》2010,221(24):2909-2917
The distribution of surface water affects herbivore-vegetation interactions in arid and semi-arid regions. Limited access to surface water typically results in the emergence of vegetation gradients around natural and artificial water sources. In particular, African elephants can create large-scale gradients of woody vegetation. Understanding the dynamics of these gradients is of particular importance for the conservation of other, less mobile herbivores that depend on woody vegetation in areas close to water. While rainfall is known to be a key determinant of herbivore-vegetation interactions in dry areas, we only have limited understanding on how it impacts woody vegetation gradients around waterholes. To address this problem, we developed a deterministic simulation model that describes the interplay of rainfall, elephants and woody vegetation in the vicinity of waterholes. The model is based on elephant telemetry data and the ecological conditions in Etosha National Park (ENP), Namibia. We found that decreasing amounts of rainfall led to an increased degradation of woody vegetation, which was particularly severe in areas close to water. Based on this result we conclude that low rainfall was an important driver of recently observed patterns of vegetation degradation in ENP. More generally, rainfall appears to be a key factor that determines elephant-vegetation interactions and thus dynamics of woody vegetation gradients around waterholes. Using long-term rainfall data from ENP, we also demonstrate that an increase in the number of water sources during periods of low rainfall can mitigate the destructive impact of elephants in areas close to water. However, more research is required to assess the sustainability and effectiveness of rainfall-adapted strategies of artificial water provisioning in more detail. In particular it is important to investigate potential effects on elephant population dynamics. 相似文献
203.
It has been confirmed that the NOx-concentration in air is highest over industrial areas and that it decreases by more than 75%, parallel to traffic density, over urban areas as related to forested areas. A significant correlation excists between NO2-concentration and the parameters of “traffic density,” followed by “road density” and “number of inhabitants/km2” in urban areas. No positive correlation was found with the number of “registered cars” and the parameters of “land use”. In forested areas, the traffic density correlated with the NO2-concentration, but the correlation was not significant. The other parameters had no positive correlation with NO2-concentration. In forest, urban- and industrial-areas, the NOx-concentration in the air had a fairly constant ratio to traffic density. 相似文献
204.
Johan Graafland Paul Hudson Jonas Werner 《Journal of Environmental Planning and Management》2016,59(2):203-221
Corporate social performance (CSP) is assumed to have a positive impact on macroeconomic sustainability, but empirical evidence of this impact is absent in the literature. The objective of this paper is to investigate the macro impacts of CSP. We first establish a conceptual framework on the relationship between CSP at the individual business level and sustainability at the macro level. Next, we empirically test the relationship between (averaged) CSP scores and greenhouse gas emissions at the macro level for 22 countries during 2004–2011. We use Granger causality tests to check for Granger causality. The estimation results show that CSP reduces greenhouse gas emissions, but the long-term effect is rather modest. 相似文献
205.
Felicitas?SuckowEmail author Petra?Lasch-Born Friedrich-Wilhelm?Gerstengarbe Peter?C.?Werner Christopher?P.?O.?Reyer 《Regional Environmental Change》2016,16(6):1671-1683
The objective of this paper is to analyse the impacts of climate change on a pine forest stand in Central Siberia (Zotino) to assess benefits and risks for such forests in the future. We use the regional statistical climate model STARS to develop a set of climate change scenarios assuming a temperature increase by mid-century of 1, 2, 3 and 4 K. The process-based forest growth model 4C is applied to a 200-year-old pine forest to analyse impacts on carbon and water balance as well as the risk of fire under these climate change scenarios. The climate scenarios indicate precipitation increases mainly during winter and decreases during summer with increasing temperature trend. They cause rising forest productivity up to about 20 % in spite of increasing respiration losses. At the same time, the water-use efficiency increases slightly from 2.0 g C l?1 H2O under current climate to 2.1 g C l?1 H2O under 4 K scenario indicating that higher water losses from increasing evapotranspiration do not appear to lead to water limitations for the productivity at this site. The simulated actual evaporation increases by up to 32 %, but the climatic water balance decreases by up to 20 % with increasing temperature trend. In contrast, the risk of fire indicated by the Nesterov index clearly increases. Our analysis confirms increasing productivity of the boreal pine stand but also highlights increasing drought stress and risks from abiotic disturbances which could cancel out productivity gains. 相似文献
206.
Sarah E. Crawford Catrina Brüll nee Cofalla Benedikt Aumeier Markus Brinkmann Elisa Classen Verena Esser Caroline Ganal Elena Kaip Roger Häussling Frank Lehmkuhl Peter Letmathe Anne-Katrin Müller Ilja Rabinovitch Klaus Reicherter Jan Schwarzbauer Marco Schmitt Georg Stauch Matthias Wessling Süleyman Yüce Markus Hecker Karen A. Kidd Rolf Altenburger Werner Brack Holger Schüttrumpf Henner Hollert 《Environmental Sciences Europe》2017,29(1):23
Protecting our water resources in terms of quality and quantity is considered one of the big challenges of the twenty-first century, which requires global and multidisciplinary solutions. A specific threat to water resources, in particular, is the increased occurrence and frequency of flood events due to climate change which has significant environmental and socioeconomic impacts. In addition to climate change, flooding (or subsequent erosion and run-off) may be exacerbated by, or result from, land use activities, obstruction of waterways, or urbanization of floodplains, as well as mining and other anthropogenic activities that alter natural flow regimes. Climate change and other anthropogenic induced flood events threaten the quantity of water as well as the quality of ecosystems and associated aquatic life. The quality of water can be significantly reduced through the unintentional distribution of pollutants, damage of infrastructure, and distribution of sediments and suspended materials during flood events. To understand and predict how flood events and associated distribution of pollutants may impact ecosystem and human health, as well as infrastructure, large-scale interdisciplinary collaborative efforts are required, which involve ecotoxicologists, hydrologists, chemists, geoscientists, water engineers, and socioeconomists. The research network “project house water” consists of a number of experts from a wide range of disciplines and was established to improve our current understanding of flood events and associated societal and environmental impacts. The concept of project house and similar seed fund and boost fund projects was established by the RWTH Aachen University within the framework of the German excellence initiative with support of the German research foundation (DFG) to promote and fund interdisciplinary research projects and provide a platform for scientists to collaborate on innovative, challenging research. Project house water consists of six proof-of-concept studies in very diverse and interdisciplinary areas of research (ecotoxicology, water, and chemical process engineering, geography, sociology, economy). The goal is to promote and foster high-quality research in the areas of water research and flood-risk assessments that combine and build off-laboratory experiments with modeling, monitoring, and surveys, as well as the use of applied methods and techniques across a variety of disciplines. 相似文献
207.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination of surface sediments and oysters from the inter-tidal areas of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Gaspare L Machiwa JF Mdachi SJ Streck G Brack W 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):24-34
Surface sediment and oyster samples from the inter-tidal areas of Dar es Salaam were analyzed for 23 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including the 16 compounds prioritized by US-EPA using GC/MS. The total concentration of PAHs in the sediment ranged from 78 to 25,000 ng/g dry weight, while oyster concentrations ranged from 170 to 650 ng/g dry weight. Hazards due to sediment contamination were assessed using Equilibrium Partitioning Sediment Benchmarks and Threshold Effect Levels. Diagnostic indices and principle component analysis were used to identify possible sources. Interestingly, no correlation between sediment and oyster concentrations at the same sites was found. This is supported by completely different contamination patterns, suggesting different sources for both matrices. Hazard assessment revealed possible effects at six out of eight sites on the benthic communities and oyster populations. The contribution of PAH intake via oyster consumption to carcinogenic risks in humans seems to be low. 相似文献
208.
209.
Ulrike Kammann Michael Vobach Werner Wosniok Andreas Schäffer Andreas Telscher 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(2):227-231
Background, aim and scope Nonylphenol (NP) can be detected in the aquatic environment all over the world. It is applied as a technical mixture of isomers
of which 353-NP is the most relevant both in terms of abundance (about 20% of total mass) and endocrine potential. 353-NP
is metabolised in sewage sludge. The aims of the present study were to determine and to compare the acute toxicity of t-NP,
353-NP and its metabolites as well as to discuss if the toxicity of 353-NP changes during degradation.
Materials and methods 353-NP and two of its metabolites were synthesised. The zebrafish embryo test was performed according to standard protocols.
Several lethal and non-lethal endpoints during embryonal development were reported. NOEL, LOEL and EC50 were calculated.
Results All tested compounds caused lethal as well as non-lethal malformations during embryo development. 353-NP showed a higher toxicity
(EC50 for lethal endpoints 6.7 mg/L) compared to its metabolites 4-(3.5-dimethyl-3-heptyl)-2-nitrophenol (EC50 13.3 mg/L) and 4-(3,5-dimethyl-3-heptyl)-2-bromophenol (EC50 27.1 mg/L).
Discussion In surface water, concentrations of NP are far below the NOEC identified by the zebrafish embryo test. However, in soils and
sewage sludge, concentrations may reach or even exceed these concentrations. Therefore, sludge-treated sites close to surface
waters should be analysed for NP and its metabolites in order to detect an unduly high contamination due to runoff events.
Conclusions The results of the present study point out that the toxicity of 353-NP probably declines during metabolisation in water, sediment
and soil, but does not vanish since the major metabolites exhibit a clear toxic potential for zebrafish embryos.
Recommendations and perspectives Metabolites of environmental pollutants should be included in the ecotoxicological test strategy for a proper risk assessment.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
210.
Chin-Kai Meng Stephen L Werner Edward T Furlong 《环境化学》2008,27(1):127-130
使用固相萃取和液相色谱/质谱/质谱,在正离子和负离子模式下,分别分析了46个和14个农药化合物.无需衍生化,就能达到pg水平的分析灵敏度.对于所有农药的化合物,在5 pg-1 ng的范围内具有很好的线性. 相似文献