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391.
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Safety assessment related to the siting of a geological repository for spent nuclear fuel deep in the bedrock requires identification of potential flow paths and the associated travel times for radionuclides originating at repository depth. Using the Laxemar candidate site in Sweden as a case study, this paper describes modeling methodology, data integration, and the resulting water flow models, focusing on the Quaternary deposits and the upper 150 m of the bedrock. Example simulations identify flow paths to groundwater discharge areas and flow paths in the surface system. The majority of the simulated groundwater flow paths end up in the main surface waters and along the coastline, even though the particles used to trace the flow paths are introduced with a uniform spatial distribution at a relatively shallow depth. The calculated groundwater travel time, determining the time available for decay and retention of radionuclides, is on average longer to the coastal bays than to other biosphere objects at the site. Further, it is demonstrated how GIS-based modeling can be used to limit the number of surface flow paths that need to be characterized for safety assessment. Based on the results, the paper discusses an approach for coupling the present models to a model for groundwater flow in the deep bedrock. 相似文献
393.
Air emission inventories in North America: a critical assessment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Miller CA Hidy G Hales J Kolb CE Werner AS Haneke B Parrish D Frey HC Rojas-Bracho L Deslauriers M Pennell B Mobley JD 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2006,56(8):1115-1129
Although emission inventories are the foundation of air quality management and have supported substantial improvements in North American air quality, they have a number of shortcomings that can potentially lead to ineffective air quality management strategies. Major reductions in the largest emissions sources have made accurate inventories of previously minor sources much more important to the understanding and improvement of local air quality. Changes in manufacturing processes, industry types, vehicle technologies, and metropolitan infrastructure are occurring at an increasingly rapid pace, emphasizing the importance of inventories that reflect current conditions. New technologies for measuring source emissions and ambient pollutant concentrations, both at the point of emissions and from remote platforms, are providing novel approaches to collecting data for inventory developers. Advances in information technologies are allowing data to be shared more quickly, more easily, and processed and compared in novel ways that can speed the development of emission inventories. Approaches to improving quantitative measures of inventory uncertainty allow air quality management decisions to take into account the uncertainties associated with emissions estimates, providing more accurate projections of how well alternative strategies may work. This paper discusses applications of these technologies and techniques to improve the accuracy, timeliness, and completeness of emission inventories across North America and outlines a series of eight recommendations aimed at inventory developers and air quality management decision-makers to improve emission inventories and enable them to support effective air quality management decisions for the foreseeable future. 相似文献
394.
Werner Baur 《Die Naturwissenschaften》1955,42(10):295-296
395.
Methodological scheme for designing the monitoring of genetically modified crops at the regional scale 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Graef F Züghart W Hommel B Heinrich U Stachow U Werner A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,111(1-3):1-26
According to EC regulations the deliberate release of genetically modified (GM) crops into the agro-environment needs to be
accompanied by environmental monitoring to detect potential adverse effects, e.g.unacceptable levels of gene flow from GM
to non-GM crops, or adverse effects on single species or species groups thus reducing biodiversity. There is, however, considerable
scientific and public debate on how GM crops should be monitored with sufficient accuracy, discussing questions of potential
adverse effects, agro-environmental variables or indicators to be monitored and respective detection methods; Another basic
component, the appropriate number and location of monitoring sites, is hardly considered. Currently, no consistent GM crop
monitoring approach combines these components systematically. This study focuses on and integrates spatial agro-environmental
aspects at a landscape level in order to design monitoring networks. Based on examples of environmental variables associated
with the cropping of Bt-Maize (Zea maize L.), herbicide-tolerant (HT) winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), HT sugar beet
(Beta vulgaris L.), and starch-modified potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), we develop a transferable framework and assessment
scheme that comprises anticipated adverse environmental effects, variables to be measured and monitoring methods.These we
integrate with a rule-based GIS (geographic information system) analysis, applying widely available spatial area and point
information from existing environmental networks. This is used todevelop scenarios with optimised regional GM crop monitoring
networks. 相似文献
396.
Barbara Skorupinski Heike Baranzke Hans Werner Ingensiep Marc Meinhardt 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(1):37-52
This paper focuses on experiences from a case study dealing with the Swiss type of a consensus conference called “PubliForum”
concerning “Genetic Technology and Nutrition” (1999). Societal and ethical aspects of genetically modified food meanwhile
can be seen as prototypes of topics depending on the involvement of the public through a participatory process. The important
role of the lay perspective in this field seems to be accepted in practice. Nevertheless, there is still some theoretical
controversy about the necessity and democratic legitimacy of participatory processes in general, and especially about those
dealing with technological or environmental problems (sustainable development) concerning society. From an ethical point of
view, a lot of heterogeneous problems concerning contents and procedures of public participation can be pointed out, not only
on the theoretical level but also in practice, e.g., concerning the communication process between laypersons and experts.
The intention of our paper is to give hints and to clarify criteria that support the communication process leading to a dialog
of autonomous citizens and which especially consider ethical aspects in the field. One important result is that there must
be an orientation for all members of a consensus conference having clear rules and knowing their different roles that support
transparency, credibility, and fairness of the whole procedure and a “good product”: a substantial final document or citizens’
report.
This paper presents results of the project Ethical Bio-TA Tools as funded by the European Commission, DG Research, under FP5,
Quality of Life Programme. 相似文献
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