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961.
We first identify six primary problems with conventional practice: lack of context, inadequate participation from aboriginal communities, exclusion of important losses, reliance on market-based measures, neglect of uncertainty, and inadequate treatment of time. We then propose a different approach to compensation, based on insights from the decision sciences and structured decision making. Using case-study examples, we discuss how the proposed approach might address common sources of cultural loss and, in a concluding section, summarize some of the implications for compensation agreements and for environmental management practices. 相似文献
962.
Summary. We tested responses to prey chemicals by lizard hatchlings of an oviparous species and neonates of a viviparous species,
neither of which had never eaten. Both species responded more strongly to prey chemicals than to odorous and odorless control
stimuli presented on cotton swabs. Although only a few species have been examined, all that have been tested have an innate
capacity for prey chemical discrimination, suggesting that this innate response to prey chemicals is widespread among lizards
that use the lingual-vomeronasal system to locate and identify prey. Innate prey chemical discrimination has the great advantage
of permitting lizards lacking prior experience with food to respond appropriately to chemical cues associated with food. Both
species discriminated prey chemicals from control substances at age three days, earlier than previously known. Our data hint
that Mabuya macularia may be capable of discrimination on its day of birth, but further study is needed to determine the exact onset. A stronger
tendency to attack swabs bearing prey chemicals by Scincella lateralis than by M. macularia may be explained by differences in defensiveness near an experimenter or by differences in the importance of visual prey
cues for confirmation of chemical cues in the natural habitats of these species. In M. macularia responses to the control stimuli declined over days of testing, suggesting habituation, but responses to prey chemicals did
not habituate by the third day of testing, which is interpreted as a possible adaptive response to permit location of food.
In the standard method of stimulus presentation, a cotton swab bearing a chemical stimulus is placed anterior to a lizard's
snout. We tested a new method in which the swab was placed in continuous contact with the lizard's anterior labial scales.
The new method elicited significantly stronger responses from M. macularia. We discuss reasons for this finding and applications for the new method.
Received 2 September 1999; accepted 15 December 1999 相似文献
963.
Melissa Hughes Stephen Nowicki William A. Searcy Susan Peters 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1998,42(6):437-446
One hypothesis for the function of song repertoires is that males learn multiple song types so that they may share songs
with neighbors, allowing them to match during territorial interactions. In at least one song sparrow population, in Washington,
territorial males share a high proportion of song types with their neighbors and use these shared songs in matching. We recorded
song sparrows in Pennsylvania and quantified sharing of whole songs and song segments. We found that song sharing is an order
of magnitude less common in the Pennsylvania population. We found sharing of song segments to be significantly more common
than the sharing of whole songs in three of the five fields we examined, while we found no significant differences between
whole and partial song sharing in the remaining two fields. Finally, we found no evidence that sharing is greater between
birds in the same field compared to birds in different fields. Taken with the data from Washington song sparrows, these results
provide evidence for intraspecific geographic variation in the organization of song repertoires, and suggest that song sharing
has not been a strong selective force in the evolution of song repertoires in song sparrows as a species. Furthermore, Washington
and Pennsylvania song sparrows differ in how they learn song, in that Washington birds copy whole songs, while Pennsylvania
birds appear to copy and recombine song segments, as has been found in laboratory studies of song learning. Thus both song
learning and the function of song repertoires differ between populations of song sparrows. Such intraspecific geographic variation
offers a unique opportunity to explore the ecological and historical factors which have influenced the evolution of song.
Received: 30 June 1997 / Accepted after revision: 8 March 1998 相似文献
964.
Although espoused by many, integrated environmental management (IEM) has been difficult to accomplish in practice. There are
many reasons for this shortfall, but certainly a key factor is the lack of agreement among scholars and practitioners regarding
the concept and its defining elements. Our purpose here is to sharpen the conceptual basis for IEM by elaborating and pragmatically
characterizing a framework for the practice of more integrated environmental management. We outline four fundamental dimensions
of IEM: (1) comprehensive, (2) interconnective, (3) strategic, and (4) interactive/coordinative. IEM efforts in the Black
Earth
Creek watershed in Wisconsin illustrate specific attributes and examples pertaining to our conceptualization of IEM. Acceptance
of the conceptual framework elaborated here should alleviate some of the confusion associated with IEM and help move this
widely heralded approach from theory into practice. 相似文献
965.
Arsenic dynamics in the rhizosphere and its sequestration on rice roots as affected by root oxidation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of root oxidation on arsenic (As) dynamics in the rhizosphere and As sequestration on rice roots. There were significant differences (P 〈 0.05) in pH values between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, with pH 5.68-6.16 in the rhizosphere and 6.30-6.37 in non-rhizosphere soils as well as differences in redox potentials (P 〈 0.05). Percentage arsenite was lower (4%-16%) in rhizosphere soil solutions from rice genotypes with higher radial oxygen loss (ROL) compared with genotypes with lower ROL (P 〈 0.05). Arsenic concentrations in iron plaque and rice straw were significantly negatively correlated (R = -0.60, P 〈 0.05). Genotypes with higher ROL (TD71 and Yinjingmanzhau) had significantly (P 〈 0.001) lower total As in rice grains (1.35 and 0.96 mg/kg, respectively) compared with genotypes with lower ROL (IAPAR9, 1.68 mg/kg; Nanyangzhan 2.24 mg/kg) in the As treatment, as well as lower inorganic As (P 〈 0.05). The present study showed that genotypes with higher ROL could oxidize more arsenite in rhizosphere soils, and induce more Fe plaque formation, which subsequently sequestered more As. This reduced As uptake in aboveground plant tissues and also reduced inorganic As accumulation in rice grains. The study has contributed to further understanding the mechanisms whereby ROL influences As uptake and accumulation in rice. 相似文献
966.
Routine monitoring of the public water supply in Aberystwyth revealed high levels of aluminium during November 1989. These levels were twelve times the EEC recommended level and three times the maximum permitted level. While the reservoirs supplying the region and the streams draining their upland peaty catchment areas generally contain moderate levels of Al, Al salts added as coagulating agents are a major source. There is also considerable variation of the Al in potable waters through the month of November 1989 for an Aberystwyth supply. Private supplies, from groundwaters, in the region generally contain low Al.While most drinking waters in the region contain low Pb, values close to the EEC limit have been recorded for some samples from older houses with Pb pipes, while a sample from a well supply in an old lead mining area contained three times the EEC limit. Despite the wide use of Cu piping for water supplies in the area, most values for this element in mains-water are low, with occasional higher values. However, many private supplies from spring sources are extremely Cu-rich and again levels of this element in a private supply showed a marked temporal variation during November 1989. Zinc levels in potable waters of the area are very variable. That most of the Zn in potable waters is derived from the dissolution of Cu pipes is evidenced by a strong correlation between Cu and Zn in these waters. A few Cd values of over 2 g L–1 have also been recorded. 相似文献
967.
Bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines 'S156' (O3-sensitive)/'R123' (O3-tolerant) and cultivars 'BBL 290' (O3-sensitive)/'BBL 274' (O3-tolerant) were used to study the effects of O3 on stomatal conductance (gs), density, and aperture size on leaf and pod surfaces with the objective of establishing links between the degree of plant sensitivity to O3 and plasticity of stomatal properties in response to O3. Studies in open-top chambers (OTCs) and in continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) established a clear relationship between plant developmental stages, degrees of O3 sensitivity and gs: while 'S156' had higher gs rates than 'R123' earlier in development, similar differences between 'BBL 290' and 'BBL 274' were observed at later stages. Gs rates on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290', accompanied by low leaf temperatures, were significantly higher than their O3-tolerant counterparts. Exposure to O3 in CSTRs had greater and more consistent impacts on both stomatal densities and aperture sizes of O3-sensitive cultivars. Stomatal densities were highest on the abaxial leaf surfaces of 'S156' and 'BBL 290' at higher O3 concentrations (60 ppb), but the largest aperture sizes were recorded on the adaxial leaf surfaces at moderate O3 concentrations (30 ppb). Exposure to O3 eliminated aperture size differences on the adaxial leaf surfaces between sensitive and tolerant cultivars. Regardless of sensitivity to O3 and treatment regimes, the smallest aperture sizes and highest stomatal densities were found on the abaxial leaf surface. Our studies showed that O3 has the potential to affect stomatal plasticity and confirmed the presence of different control mechanisms for stomatal development on each leaf surface. This appeared to be more evident in O3-sensitive cultivars. 相似文献
968.
Comparison of receptor models for source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in Beijing, China 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
Song Y Dai W Shao M Liu Y Lu S Kuster W Goldan P 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(1):174-183
Identifying the sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is key to reducing ground-level ozone and secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Several receptor models have been developed to apportion sources, but an intercomparison of these models had not been performed for VOCs in China. In the present study, we compared VOC sources based on chemical mass balance (CMB), UNMIX, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models. Gasoline-related sources, petrochemical production, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were identified by all three models as the major contributors, with UNMIX and PMF producing quite similar results. The contributions of gasoline-related sources and LPG estimated by the CMB model were higher, and petrochemical emissions were lower than in the UNMIX and PMF results, possibly because the VOC profiles used in the CMB model were for fresh emissions and the profiles extracted from ambient measurements by the two-factor analysis models were "aged". 相似文献
969.
Effect of organic fertilizers derived dissolved organic matter on pesticide sorption and leaching 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Incorporation of organic fertilizers/amendments has been, and continues to be, a popular strategy for golf course turfgrass management. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from these organic materials may, however, facilitate organic chemical movement through soils. A batch equilibrium technique was used to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizer-derived DOM on sorption of three organic chemicals (2,4-D, naphthalene and chlorpyrifos) in USGA (United States Golf Association) sand, a mixed soil (70% USGA sand and 30% native soil) and a silt loam soil (Typic Fragiochrept). DOM was extracted from two commercial organic fertilizers. Column leaching experiments were also performed using USGA sand. Sorption experiments showed that sorption capacity was significantly reduced with increasing DOM concentration in solution for all three chemicals. Column experimental results were consistent with batch equilibrium data. These results suggest that organic fertilizer-derived DOM might lead to enhanced transport of applied chemicals in turf soils. 相似文献
970.