空气质量AQI实时发布的改进探讨

针对《环境空气质量指数(AQI)技术规定(试行)》(HJ 633-2012)中对空气质量AQI实时发布存在的欠缺,从增加颗粒物1 h浓度的AQI分级浓度限值及颗粒物24 h滑动平均值计算方法改进着手,解决PM2.5和PM10的24 h滑动平均值实时延迟、1 h平均值代替24 h滑动平均值偏高等问题。     

两种吹扫捕集浓缩仪在测定土壤VOCs时的性能比较

从仪器精密度、方法检出限、准确度等角度对吹扫捕集浓缩仪Stratum PTC与Eclipse 4660的性能进行比较。结果表明,大部分分析物用Stratum PTC的方法检出限略高于Eclipse 4660,但精密度比Eclipse 4660稍差;Eclipse 4660用于分析极性的、水溶性物质的效果比Stratum PTC好,回收率更高。两种吹扫捕集仪的测试结果均满足《土壤和沉积物挥发性有机物的测定吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法》(HJ 605-2011)标准方法的指标要求。     

原广州氮肥厂地块地下水环境质量评价

对原广州氮肥厂遗留地块浅层地下水环境质量进行调查与评价。结果表明,其整个地块浅层地下水被污染,特别是硫酸车间和造气车间为地下水污染最重区域。主要污染项目为Mn、NH3-N、亚硝酸盐、Fe、总硬度、IMn、SO2-、F-。提出,在作土壤开挖、修复和新建工程项目过程中,工程施工排水应处理后方可排放,以减少对周围环境水体的影响;建筑工人应避免直接接触地下水,施工时佩带手套,做好保护措施,减少皮肤暴露。     

Impact of socioeconomic development on ecosystem services and its conservation strategies: a case study of Shandong Province,China

Ecosystems and their components provide a lot of benefits for the welfare of human beings. Coupled with increasing socioeconomic development, most of the rapidly developing and transitional countries and regions have been experiencing dramatic land use changes. This has resulted in a large amount of forestland, grassland, and wetland being occupied as residential and industrial land or reclaimed for arable land, which in turn results in a sharp deterioration of ecosystem services around the world. Shandong Province, an economically powerful province of China, was chosen as a case study in order to capture the impact of socioeconomic development on ecosystem services. By way of the study, land uses and their changes were categorized between 1980 and 2006, and the ecosystem services capital and changes of 111 counties of Shandong Province in different phases were evaluated, as well as the total ecosystem services capital, followed by the zoning of ecosystem services function region of Shandong Province. We found that the counties in mountainous areas and wetlands, where generally the prefectural-level cities are located with a rapid socioeconomic development, experienced a successive deterioration of ecosystem services especially during the 2000s. Finally, three conservation strategies for managing and improving ecosystem services were proposed and discussed with the aim of achieving coordinate and sustainable development of the socioeconomy, environment, and ecosystems not only in Shandong Province but also in other provinces of China, as well as in other developing and transitional countries and regions.     

Evaluating the difference between the normalized difference vegetation index and net primary productivity as the indicators of vegetation vigor assessment at landscape scale

Both the net primary productivity (NPP) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are commonly used as indicators to characterize vegetation vigor, and NDVI has been used as a surrogate estimator of NPP in some cases. To evaluate the reliability of such surrogation, here we examined the quantitative difference between NPP and NDVI in their outcomes of vegetation vigor assessment at a landscape scale. Using Landsat ETM+ data and a process model, the Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator, NPP distribution was mapped at a resolution of 90 m, and total NDVI during the growing season was calculated in Heihe River Basin, Northwest China in 2002. The results from a comparison between the NPP and NDVI classification maps show that there existed a substantial difference in terms of both area and spatial distribution between the assessment outcomes of these two indicators, despite that they are strongly correlated. The degree of difference can be influenced by assessment schemes, as well as the type of vegetation and ecozone. Overall, NDVI is not a good surrogate of NPP as the indicators of vegetation vigor assessment in the study area. Nonetheless, NDVI could serve as a fairish surrogate indicator under the condition that the target region has low vegetation cover and the assessment has relatively coarse classification schemes (i.e., the class number is small). It is suggested that the use of NPP and NDVI should be carefully selected in landscape assessment. Their differences need to be further evaluated across geographic areas and biomes.     

东营春季PM10中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征及来源

2010年4月采集了东营市大气PM10样品,测定了PM10的浓度,并采用IMPROVE-TOR方法准确测量了样品中的8个碳组分.结果表明,采样期间,东营市大气PM10的平均浓度为(147.02±56.22) μg/m3;PM10中有机碳(0C)、元素碳(EC)浓度平均值分别为11.82、3.68 μg/m 3;PM10中OC和EC显著相关,表明OC、EC的来源相同;所有采样点PM10中OC/EC均大于2.15,表明存在二次有机碳(SOC)的贡献;PM10中SOC平均质量浓度是3.91 μg/m3,占OC质量浓度的33.08％;通过计算PM10中8个碳组分丰度,初步判断东营市颗粒物中碳的主要来源是汽车尾气、道路扬尘和燃煤.     

广州PM2.5污染特征及影响因素分析

对广州市2008—2010年PM_2.5质量浓度、影响因素数据资料进行整理统计,通过定性分析、定量计算以及对各物理量之间的相互作用过程研究,得出PM_2.5质量浓度变化特征和各影响因素之间的关系。结果表明,PM_2.5质量浓度变化呈现夏季和非夏季2种典型的季节性特征,夏季月平均值0.049 mg/m³,主要分布在0.03～0.05 mg/m³,非夏季月均值为0.063 mg/m³,分布于0.05～0.08 mg/m³之间;夏季、非夏季PM_2.5质量浓度超标率(采用美国EPA标准)分别为70.7%、77.8%,质量标准2倍、3倍以上出现的概率都表现出明显的季节性差异;PM_2.5与温度正相关,和其他因素负相关,其中与能见度相关性最大,其次是温度、风速,与降雨量相关性最差,与气压、相对湿度相关系数季节性特征显著。     

应用流式细胞仪监测太湖藻类初探

流式细胞仪在海水微型浮游生物监测领域应用较为广泛,但在淡水藻类定量研究以及生物监测中应用仍较少。探讨了应用便携式浮游植物流式细胞仪CytoSense监测太湖藻类的可行性和时效性。结果表明,为了提高检测结果的准确性,流式细胞仪的应用过程中最好是现场采样、现场分析。流式细胞仪对藻细胞密度的检测下限为100万个/L,大于100万个/L时检测结果与人工镜检结果相吻合;在悬浮物含量小于108 mg/L的水体中,流式细胞仪检测结果具备较高的准确性。另外,流式细胞仪操作简单、分析速度快、便携性好、无污染,在太湖藻类监测中具有一定应用前景。     

杭州地区农业土壤中重金属的分布特征及其环境意义

为了分析杭州地区农业土壤重金属的分布特征及其环境意义,通过现场采样和室内分析检测的方法,对杭州市各区县不同作物农业土壤表层土中的Hg、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd 6种重金属元素进行检测,并对其分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,杭州地区农业土壤中除As外,其他5种重金属的平均含量均低于且接近浙江省土壤背景值,个别采样点的重金属含量超过了土壤环境质量国家二级标准。总体上,杭州地区农业土壤处于安全水平。通过重金属的区域分布特征分析表明,余杭区和富阳市农业土壤中重金属平均含量普遍高于其他区域。萧山区和建德市部分农业土壤则存在Cu和Hg含量较高的情况,而淳安县农业土壤中重金属含量差异较大,土壤中出现了As、Cr和Cd含量最大值。不同作物的农业土壤重金属含量存在一定的差异,但不明显。水稻田和蔬菜地的土壤中,重金属含量较其他作物种植类型的土壤中含量高;叶菜类(蔬菜、茶叶)作物土壤中的Cd含量要比根茎类(水稻)、茄果类(水果)及其他作物种植类型的土壤中的含量低。目前杭州地区土壤中6种重金属含量均对作物的直接危害不大,但由于萧山区个别采样点Cu含量严重超标,淳安县土壤中Cd受外源性来源影响也已较明显,需要相关部门加大监管力度,防止污染事件发生。同时,为防止农业土壤中重金属含量进一步升高,需要加大大气降尘监测与治理、废气污染监管与控制治理。     

四川省水体富营养状况时空分布调查

采用综合营养指数法对四川省主要河流营养状况进行调查评价,分析其时空分布规律。结果表明,2009年四川省水体综合营养状态整体处于中营养水平。从空间分布情况看,水体营养状态从优到劣依次为金沙江、长江干流、岷江、嘉陵江、沱江,其中沱江处于轻度富营养状态。从时间分布情况看,除沱江流域月度间变化较小外,其他调查河流水体营养状态月度间变化呈双峰型"M"状,营养指数主峰发生在8月;长江干流、岷江和嘉陵江次峰发生在4—5月,金沙江次峰发生在10月。