2012年林业安全生产工作综述

从高度重视安全生产责任的落实、认真搞好隐患排查和专项整治、积极推动和加强安全标准化管理等5个方面全面阐述了2012年林业生产安全工作.     

三峡库区巴东县龙船河库岸塌岸预测及稳定性评价

采用卡丘金法、工程地质类比法对三峡库区巴东县龙船河库岸不同成因的土质岸坡、岩土混合质岸坡、软硬相间的岩质岸坡在水库蓄水后的塌岸进行了预测,并采用不平衡推力法对其稳定性进行了计算分析与评价,根据预测评价结果进行的防治方案设计,通过了三峡水库三期蓄水的检验,取得了较好的防治效果.     

GaAs PHEMT器件的可靠性评估方法研究

本文从GaAs PHEMT器件的失效机理出发,总结了PHEMT器件的几种可靠性评估方法:利用沟道区碰撞电离率对PHEMT器件的热电子退化的评估方法、高频C-V法对肖特基势垒接触退化的可靠性表征方法、用于欧姆接触退化表征的温度斜坡快速评价方法以及2DEG结构引起PHEMT器件失效的可靠性评估方法.     

Development of vermicast from sludge and powdered oyster shell

Soil acidification is one of the rising land degradation issues facing world agriculture. The risk of acidification is currently being assessed as part of agriculture productivity and sustainable theme. This study was conducted to produce a new vermicomposting cast as a recycling resource derived from municipal sewage sludge and waste oyster shell. The earthworm, Eisenia Andrei, was fed under different conditions. The most suitable mixture was 77:23 w/w% of sewage sludge and waste oyster shell. Powdered oyster shell (POS) sludge blend provided a stable pH, due to its buffering capacity during vermiculture because of the Ca²⁺ and OH^? release effect. The vermicast products fulfilled the cast standards of Korea Ministry of Environment for all the parameters such as moisture content, pH, salinity, organic carbon, TKN, Phosphate, and heavy metals. Slowly released organic matter when added to soil improves the capacity of the soil to hold nutrients for plants, improve soil aeration for roots, and improves soil drainage. This product will be an addition to already-commercialized sludge vermicast as a higher value product.     

A new approach to characterize biodegradation of organics by molecular mass distribution in landfill leachate

This study provides biodegradability of organics in leachate according to their molecular mass distributions (<0.5, 0.5 to 1, 1 to 3, 10, and >10 KDa). Organics with molecular mass values lower than 0.5 KDa were the predominant species in the raw leachate filtrate, and the aerated lagoon process was very effective in treating these highly biodegradable organics; the Fenton's oxidation process was very effective in treating not-so-biodegradable organics with molecular mass values higher than 0.5 KDa, but a portion of these organics were converted into organics <0.5 KDa after Fenton's oxidation. An oxygen uptake measurement using a respirometer was more sensitive than a conventional biochemical oxygen demand measurement to evaluate bioactivities, especially when bioactivities were low.     

人口与经济发展对植被的影响研究

植被是陆地表面主要的覆盖物，也是许多地球系统过程的重要变量。人类活动对植被的影响在区域尺度上是显著的。以重庆市为例，使用滑动平均和SG滤波对SPOT/VGT NDVI时间序列数据进行了平滑处理，结合GDP和人口栅格化数据，从时间序列和空间相关场两个方面分析了植被与人类活动因子之间的时空相关性。结果表明，从1998到2005年，植被的分布和生长状况并没有随GDP和人口的持续增加而增加。在时间序列上，植被覆盖与GDP和人口之间总体上呈显著的负相关关系；在空间上，这种相关关系表现出了较强的异质性。空间相关场表明：较强的负相关主要发生在相对发达的主城区周围，反映了快速的经济发展和城市化使得植被面积和生产力降低；然而在偏远的山区，由于经济落后同时植被覆盖较少，出现了正相关。     

双酚A对豚鼠的免疫毒性

为了研究BPA(bisphenol A,双酚A)对豚鼠的免疫毒性,经口灌服,以不同剂量(500、1 000 mg/kg)染毒14 d后接种O型口蹄疫疫苗,通过分析脏器系数、淋巴细胞增殖能力、NK细胞(natural killer cell,自然杀伤细胞)活性、特异性抗体水平以及细胞免疫水平,评价BPA染毒剂量对豚鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫的影响.结果表明:与阴性对照组相比,BPA染毒后豚鼠体质量增加,心脏、肝脏、肾脏、脑、脾脏和卵巢体质量也增加,相应脏器系数升高；而胸腺、睾丸和附睾萎缩,相应脏器系数降低.NK细胞数量虽有增加,但变化不显著；BPA染毒引起NK细胞对靶细胞的杀伤能力显著下降,并且随着BPA染毒剂量的增加,其对靶细胞的杀伤能力显著下降；淋巴细胞刺激指数显著升高,并与染毒剂量呈正相关.BPA对豚鼠的特异性抗体水平有一定抑制作用,并且随着染毒剂量的增加该抑制作用愈发显著.IL-2(白介素2,interleukin-2)和IFN-γ(干扰素-γ,interferon)水平低于阴性对照组,而IL-4(白介素4,interleukin-4)水平高于阴性对照组；随着染毒剂量的增加,淋巴细胞增殖能力、IL-2和IFN-γ水平显著降低,而IL-4水平显著升高.研究显示,BPA会损伤豚鼠的免疫器官,抑制机体产生体液免疫和细胞免疫,导致免疫功能紊乱.      

Adsorption behavior of ammonium by a bioadsorbent - Boston ivy leaf powder

The adsorption behaviors of ammonium ions from aqueous solution by a novel bioadsorbent,the Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) leaf powder (BPTL) were investigated.The SEM images and FT-IR spectra were used to characterize BPTL.The mathematical models were used to analyze the adsorption kinetics and isotherms.The optimum pH range for ammonium adsorption by BPTL was found to be 5-10.The adsorption reached equilibrium at 14 hr,and the kinetic data were well fitted by the Logistic model.The intraparticle diffusion was the main rate-controlling step of the adsorption process.The high temperature was favorableto the ammonium adsorption by BPTL,indicating that the adsorption was endothermic.The adsorption equilibrium fitted well to both the Langrnuir model and Freundlich model,and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir model were 3.37,5.28 and 6.59 mg N/g at 15,25 and 35℃,respectively,which were comparable to those by reported minerals.Both the separation factor (RL) from the Langmuir model and Freundlich exponent (n) suggested that the ammonium adsorption by BPTL was favorable.Therefore,the Boston ivy leaf powder could be considered a novel bioadsorbent for ammonium removal from aqueous solution.     

Role of nitric oxide in the genotoxic response to chronic microcystin-LR exposure in human–hamster hybrid cells

Microcystin-LR(MC-LR) is the most abundant and toxic microcystin congener and has been classified as a potential human carcinogen(Group 2B) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying the genotoxic effects of MC-LR during chronic exposure are still poorly understood. In the present study, human–hamster hybrid(AL) cells were exposed to MC-LR for varying lengths of time to investigate the role of nitrogen radicals in MC-LR-induced genotoxicity. The mutagenic potential at the CD59 locus was more than 2-fold higher(p 0.01) in ALcells exposed to a cytotoxic concentration(1 μmol/L) of MC-LR for 30 days than in untreated control cells, which was consistent with the formation of micronucleus. MC-LR caused a dose-dependent increase in nitric oxide(NO) production in treated cells. Moreover, this was blocked by concurrent treatment with the NO synthase inhibitor NG-methyl-L-arginine(L-NMMA), which suppressed MC-LRinduced mutations as well. The survival of mitochondrial DNA-depleted(ρ0) ALcells was markedly decreased by MC-LR treatment compared to that in ALcells, while the CD59 mutant fraction was unaltered. These results provided clear evidence that the genotoxicity associated with chronic MC-LR exposure in mammalian cells was mediated by NO and might be considered as a basis for the development of therapeutics that prevent carcinogenesis.     

三峡库区城镇建设用地驱动因子路径分析

随着三峡大坝的修建．三峡经济飞速发展．带动了利用三峡库区城镇建设用地的变化。本文以三峡库区21个县市1995—2005年城镇建设用用地的变化量为主要研究对象。结合1995-2005年期间第二产业与第三产业的集中指数与区位商的空间分布变化。采用路径分析建模的方法。奠立了城镇建设用地与固定资产投资、社会商品零售总额、第二产值、第三产值及城镇人口的路径模型．确定了备影响因子对蜮镇建设用地变化的影响程度。其中第二产值对城镇建设用地的变化影响最大．影响力最小的是城镇人口。此项研究进一步验证了路径分析模型在土地利用变化驱动力分析研究中的可行性．同时也为库区城镇建设用地的控制提供了参考。