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141.
Life cycle assessment of biogas upgrading technologies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Starr K Gabarrell X Villalba G Talens L Lombardi L 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(5):991-999
This article evaluates the life cycle assessment (LCA) of three biogas upgrading technologies. An in-depth study and evaluation was conducted on high pressure water scrubbing (HPWS), as well as alkaline with regeneration (AwR) and bottom ash upgrading (BABIU), which additionally offer carbon storage. AwR and BABIU are two novel technologies that utilize waste from municipal solid waste incinerators - namely bottom ash (BA) and air pollution control residues (APC) - and are able to store CO(2) from biogas through accelerated carbonation processes. These are compared to high pressure water scrubbing (HPWS) which is a widely used technology in Europe. The AwR uses an alkaline solution to remove the CO(2) and then the solution - rich in carbonate and bicarbonate ions - is regenerated through carbonation of APC. The BABIU process directly exposes the gas to the BA to remove and immediately store the CO(2), again by carbonation. It was determined that the AwR process had an 84% higher impact in all LCA categories largely due to the energy intensive production of the alkaline reactants. The BABIU process had the lowest impact in most categories even when compared to five other CO(2) capture technologies on the market. AwR and BABIU have a particularly low impact in the global warming potential category as a result of the immediate storage of the CO(2). For AwR, it was determined that using NaOH instead of KOH improves its environmental performance by 34%. For the BABIU process the use of renewable energies would improve its impact since accounts for 55% of the impact. 相似文献
142.
143.
Xavier Arnan Mariona Ferrandiz-Rovira Clara Pladevall Anselm Rodrigo 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(10):1881-1890
Messor bouvieri is a seed-harvesting ant species in which workers forage in trails from the nest to a search area. A previous observation
of seed transfer events between workers returning to the nest suggested potential task partitioning. In this study, we describe
seed transportation and analyze the role of task partitioning in the foraging strategy of this species in terms of seed intake
efficiency in relation to costs and benefits based on transport speed and task reliability. We assess the harvesting efficiency
of task partitioning by comparing cooperative seed transport (CST) and individual seed transport (IST) events. Our results
show task partitioning in the form of a sequence of transfer events among workers going from the search area to the nest.
Importantly, and despite the weak worker polymorphism of this species, this sequence involved workers of different sizes,
with seeds usually being passed along from smaller to larger workers. In addition, we show that small workers are better at
finding seeds (spend less time finding a seed), and large workers are better at transporting them (were faster when walking
back to the nest and lost fewer seeds). However, we failed to demonstrate that workers of different sizes are specialized
in performing the task in which they excel. Overall, sequential CST in M. bouvieri results in a greater seed intake because seed search time decreases and task reliability increases, compared to IST. The
determinants and adaptive benefits of CST are discussed. 相似文献
144.
Moreno T Querol X Alastuey A García do Santos S Fernández Patier R Artiñano B Gibbons W 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2006,8(10):1060-1068
Source apportionment study was performed, applying principal component analysis to the results of 221 chemical analyses of PM10 and PM2.5 samples collected daily from the industrial (but low traffic) Spanish town of Puertollano over a 14-month period during 2004-2005. Results reveal compositional variations attributable to different mixtures of natural and anthropogenic materials, mainly soil and rock dust (crustal), marine salt (only in PM10), petrochemical refinery emissions, and particles attributed to the combustion of local coal, which is unusually rich in Pb and Sb. During the study period there were 34 pollution episodes when PM10 exceeded 50 tg m(-3), mostly due to winter air temperature inversions, regional atmospheric stagnation, or African dust incursions (North African, NAF days: usually in summer). Whereas the crustal component during NAF episodes averaged 52% with a PM2.5/PM10 ratio of 0.54, this dropped to 29% and a PM2.5/PM10 of 0.67 during non-NAF days when anthropogenic materials predominated. Abnormally enhanced concentrations of pathfinder metallic trace elements provide additional evidence for source apportionment: thus aerosols with raised levels of Pb and Sb are associated with local coal combustion, Ni and V can be linked to petrochemical PM emissions, and Ti, Mn, Rb, and Ce are particularly characteristic of crustal dust incursions. 相似文献
145.
Thomas George S. Naseema Beevi George Xavier N. Pratheesh Kumar Jayesh George 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(6):5277-5284
The dissipation kinetics and method for estimation of residues of chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin in cardamom were studied and developed. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation arrived for the compounds were 0.01 and 0.025 μg?g?1, respectively. Gas chromatographic response of chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin residues was linear in the range of 0.01–0.50 μg?g?1 and the mean recovery obtained was 97.3 % for chlorpyrifos and 98.9 % for lambda-cyhalothrin with satisfactory relative standard deviation values. The mean initial residues of chlorpyrifos applied at a concentration of 0.05 % in cardamom was 2.5 μg?g?1 and the residue was 8.1 μg?g?1 after processing, with a processing factor of 3.24, while lambda-cyhalothrin when applied at 0.0025 % resulted in initial residues of 1.63 μg?g?1 that magnified to 4.86 μg?g?1 on curing, with a processing factor of 2.98. The half-life of chlorpyrifos was in the range of 5.1–5.24 days while that of lambda-cyhalothrin was in the range of 4.40–4.55 days. The processing factor arrived at in the above experiment lead to the conclusion that the residues of chlorpyrifos got magnified to 3.24–3.68 times and that of lambda-cyhalothrin got magnified to 2.98–3.46 times of initial residues, consequent to loss of weight due to dehydration during curing. 相似文献
146.
In this paper, a method involving on-line preconcentration with cloud point extraction for the determination of cadmium in biological samples is presented. The procedure is based on the sorption of micelles containing Cd(II) ions and the reagent 4-(5'-bromo-2'-thiazolylazo)orcinol (Br-TAO) in a minicolumn packed with polyester. The surfactant Triton X-114 was used in the formation of micelles. After sorption, the Cd(II) ions were desorbed from the minicolumn with acid eluent and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Parameters influencing the cloud point extraction were studied. The method showed a detection limit of 0.5 μg l(-1) and an enhancement factor of 27. The accuracy was tested by determination of cadmium in certified reference materials (spinach leaves 1570a and tomato leaves 1573a) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. 相似文献
147.
Fulvio Amato Xavier Querol Andrés Alastuey Marco Pandolfi Teresa Moreno José Gracia Pau Rodriguez 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(29):4472-4480
Despite their burden in urban particulate air pollution, road traffic non-exhaust emissions are often uncontrolled and information about the effectiveness of mitigation measures on paved roads is still scarce. The present study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical sweeping/water flushing treatments in mitigating urban road dust resuspension and to quantify the real benefit in terms of ambient PM10 concentrations. To this aim a specific campaign was carried out in a heavily trafficked central road of Barcelona (Spain), a Mediterranean city suffering from a traffic-related pollution, both for a high car density and a frequent lack of precipitation. Several street washings were performed by means of mechanical sweepers and pressure water during night in all traffic lanes and sidewalks. PM10 levels were simultaneously compared with four reference urban background air quality stations to interpret any meteorological variability. At the downwind measurement site, PM10 concentrations registered a mean daily decrease of 8.8 μg m?3 during the 24 h after street washing treatments. However 3.7–4.9 μg m?3 of such decrease were due to the meteorological variability detected at the upwind site, as well as at two of the reference sites. This reveals that an effective decrease of 4–5 μg m?3 (7–10%) can be related to street washing efficiency. Mitigation of road dust resuspension was confirmed by investigating the chemical composition of airborne-PM10 filters. Concentrations of Cu, Sb, Fe and mineral matter decrease significantly with respect to concentrations of elemental carbon, used as tracer for exhaust diesel emissions. High efficiency of street washing in reducing road dust loads was found by performing periodic samplings both on the treated and the untreated areas. 相似文献
148.
This paper introduces the presentation of several works carried out, in France, in the field of transport ergonomics and psychology. It aims at pointing out the original features of the French ergonomics approach of dynamic situations; these features are related to the method used (the analysis of an activity in actual working conditions is emphasized) and the specific definitions of several concepts such as the concepts of ‘work activity’, ‘task’ and ‘situation’. This introductory paper proposes to define these notions and to show their relevance to an analysis of driving activities. 相似文献
149.
Erasmo Cadena Joan Coln Antoni Snchez Xavier Font Adriana Artola 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(11):2799-2807
Environmental impacts associated to different waste treatments are of interest in the decision-making process at local, regional and international level. However, all the environmental burdens of an organic waste biological treatment are not always considered. Real data on gaseous emissions released from full-scale composting plants are difficult to obtain. These emissions are related to the composting technology and waste characteristics and therefore, an exhaustive sampling campaign is necessary to obtain representative and reliable data of a single plant. This work proposes a methodology to systematically determine gaseous emissions of a composting plant and presents the results obtained in the application of this methodology to a plant treating source-separated organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) for the determination of ammonia and total volatile organic compounds (VOC). Emission factors from the biological treatment process obtained for ammonia and VOC were 3.9 kg Mg OFMSW−1 and 0.206 kg Mg OFMSW−1 respectively. Emissions associated to energy use and production were also quantified (60.5 kg CO2 Mg OFMSW−1 and 0.66 kg VOC Mg OFMSW−1). Other relevant parameters such as energy and water consumption and amount of rejected waste were also determined. A new functional unit is presented to relate emission factors to the biodegradation efficiency of the composting process and consists in the reduction of the Respiration Index of the treated material. Using this new functional unit, the atmospheric emissions released from a composting plant are directly related to the plant specific efficiency. 相似文献
150.
Jorge Pey Xavier Querol Andrés Alastuey Sergio Rodríguez Jean Philippe Putaud Rita Van Dingenen 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(29):4407-4415
Extensive measurements on particle number concentration and size distribution (13–800 nm), together with detailed chemical composition of PM2.5 have constituted the main inputs of the database used for a source apportionment analysis. Data were collected at an urban background site in Barcelona, Western Mediterranean.The source identification analysis helped us to distinguish five emission sources (vehicle exhausts, mineral dust, sea spray, industrial source and fuel-oil combustion) and two atmospheric processes (photochemical induced nucleation and regional/urban background particles derived from coagulation and condensation processes). After that, a multilinear regression analysis was applied in order to quantify the contribution of each factor.This study reveals that vehicle exhausts contribute dominantly to the number concentration in all the particle sizes (52–86%), but especially in the range 30–200 nm. This work also points out the importance of the regional and/or urban formed aerosols (secondary inorganic particles) on the total number concentration (around 25% of the total number), with a higher impact on the accumulation mode. The photo-chemically induced nucleation of aerosols only represents a small proportion of the total number as an annual mean (3%), but is very relevant when considering only the nucleation mode (13–20 nm) fraction (23%). The other sources recognized registered sporadic contributions to the total number, coinciding with specific meteorological scenarios.This study discloses the main sources and features affecting and controlling the fine and ultra-fine aerosols in a typical city in the Western Mediterranean coast. Whereas the road traffic appears to be the most important source of sub-micrometric aerosols, other sources may not be negligible under specific meteorological conditions. 相似文献