Microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic bioreactor fed by fruit vegetable wastes and wheat straw

The microbial community structures in an integrated two-phase anaerobic reactor（ITPAR）were investigated by 16 S r DNA clone library technology. The 75 L reactor was designed with a 25 L rotating acidogenic unit at the top and a 50 L conventional upflow methanogenic unit at the bottom, with a recirculation connected to the two units. The reactor had been operated for 21 stages to co-digest fruit/vegetable wastes and wheat straw, which showed a very good biogas production and decomposition of cellulosic materials. The results showed that many kinds of cellulose and glycan decomposition bacteria related with Bacteroidales,Clostridiales and Syntrophobacterales were dominated in the reactor, with more bacteria community diversities in the acidogenic unit. The methanogens were mostly related with Methanosaeta, Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus, Methanospirillum and Methanobacterium; the predominating genus Methanosaeta, accounting for 40.5%, 54.2%, 73.6% and 78.7% in four samples from top to bottom, indicated a major methanogenesis pathway by acetoclastic methanogenesis in the methanogenic unit. The beta diversity indexes illustrated a more similar distribution of bacterial communities than that of methanogens between acidogenic unit and methanogenic unit. The differentiation of methanogenic community composition in two phases, as well as pH values and volatile fatty acid（VFA） concentrations confirmed the phase separation of the ITPAR. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the special designing of ITPAR maintained a sufficient number of methanogens, more diverse communities and stronger syntrophic associations among microorganisms, which made two phase anaerobic digestion of cellulosic materials more efficient.     

空间数据挖掘的应用技术

空间数据挖掘技术是数据挖掘技术与空间数据库技术的融合,在GIS遥感、图像数据库、医疗影像处理等领域具有广阔的应用前景。基于空间数据挖掘的特点,论述了其在GIS中的应用,指出了空间数据挖掘面临的问题,并阐述了空间数据挖掘的发展趋势。     

基体改进剂-原子吸收法测定环境水样中痕量的铅

以磷酸二氢铵、磷酸、硝酸镍为基体改进剂,研究了石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定环境水样中痕量铅的方法。重点讨论了铅的灰化温度、原子化温度以及基体改进剂的选用对铅测定结果的影响,以及基体改进剂用量的选择。在最佳测量条件下,铅的线性范围为0μg/L-50μg/L,检出限为0.018 3μg/L,回收率为91%-102.12%。     

海洋酸化对鱼类感觉和行为影响的研究进展

海洋酸化是指大气增多的二氧化碳(CO2)溶解于海水而导致海水p H值降低的过程。海洋酸化将改变海水碳酸盐平衡体系,使依赖于原化学环境的多种海洋生物乃至生态系统面临巨大威胁。海洋酸化对钙质生物影响的研究最早引起大家关注,而海洋鱼类具有较完善的酸碱调节机制,大家普遍认为酸化对其影响不大。但在过去的5年中,不少实验证明海洋酸化会影响海洋鱼类仔稚鱼的感觉和行为,减弱其野外的生存能力及增加被捕食率,很可能将威胁自然种群补给量和影响全球的渔业资源量。本文从嗅觉、听觉、视觉及高级意识和相关行为角度,综述近几年海洋酸化对鱼类感觉和行为影响的研究进展,介绍了鱼类神经行为生物学的研究,为全面了解和预测海洋酸化的生态、经济和社会效应提供科学依据。     

我国粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应特征与代价分析

我国粮食产量逐年增长,但伴随形成的水土资源消耗和耕地环境负荷令人担忧。本文综述了近年来我国粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应基本情况,总体结论是化肥、农药、地膜等农业投入品过量使用所带来的环境负荷日趋严重。同时,对休耕模式和粮食主功能区调整这两项国家战略政策的资源消耗与环境效应进行了重点分析,建议逐步扩大在水资源超采区、重金属污染区、生态退化区等典型区域的休耕面积,积极谨慎地评估主功能区调整形成的潜在资源消耗缓解与环境效益提升作用。提出:改变以牺牲耕地资源环境为代价换取粮食持续增长、建立以资源环境效应评估为平衡点的粮食供需模式的时机已成熟,粮食生产的耕地资源环境效应,应纳入国家粮食战略安全保障整体计划中。     

拱形双排隔离桩对既有隧道的保护效果研究

采用隔离桩来保护邻近基坑的既有隧道是工程中常用方法,目前隔离桩平面排列形式多采用传统的矩形行列式。以杭州市某房建地下室基坑工程为例,提出由直线形排桩和弧形排桩组成的拱形双排隔离桩及相应的优化方案,采用ABAQUS有限元软件建立三维模型,研究了隔离桩中心距、桩半径、平面位置以及弧形排桩曲率半径等因素对隔离效果的影响,并与实测结果进行对比。结果表明:隧道衬砌总位移存在最大值和最小值,隧道衬砌总位移最大值点位于拱底,最小值点位于拱顶,隧道衬砌整体呈现出沉降的趋势。减小隔离桩中心距或增大隔离桩半径均可减小隧道衬砌的位移,拱形双排隔离桩的保护效果优于传统形式;将拱形双排隔离桩设在距基坑10 m处,并将弧形排桩设在隧道一侧更合理;弧形排桩曲率半径对隧道保护效果存在合理值;采用优化方案时隧道位移比原方案减小45.7%,隧道更趋于安全。     

电液压脉冲放电与铁屑内电解法联用处理TNT废水试验研究

TNT结构稳定,废水又具有生物毒性,难以生物降解,采用电液压脉冲放电与铁屑内电解法联用能有效处理TNT废水。研究了铁屑投加量、pH值和铁屑重复使用对TNT降解的影响。试验条件为：放电电压36 kV,废水体积7 L,TNT初始浓度90 mg/L,电极间距8 mm。结果表明,在投加铁屑700 g和pH值为6.5时,TNT降解率分别达到97.7%,铁屑重复使用6次不影响TNT降解效果;放电后静置一段时间,TNT仍然继续降解;在125 L的反应器中处理115 L废水,TNT初始浓度50 mg/L,TNT最大降解率达94.2％,TNT浓度降至2.9 mg/L。     

浦阳江干流生态缓冲带的划定与构建

河流生态缓冲带(简称"缓冲带")的划定是对河流进行生态修复与保护的重要前提。如何确定缓冲带的宽度和空间布局也是管理部门和学者们关注的热点。以浙江省金华市山溪型河流浦阳江干流为例,利用GF-2卫星影像提取河流岸线、解译河岸两侧土地利用状况,通过VFSMOD模型工具和缓冲带自然条件综合确定农田型、村落型、林草型河段的缓冲带宽度;而城镇型河段则结合城市河道蓝线来确定缓冲带宽度;最终划定浦阳江干流左右岸缓冲带总长度109.63 km,总面积2.837 km²。在此基础上,构建了试点区域上仙屋断面的缓冲带修复方案,旨在为缓冲带修复和水环境质量改善提供参考。     

Methanogenic community dynamics in anaerobic co-digestion of fruit and vegetable waste and food waste

A lab-scale continuously-stirred tank reactor (CSTR), used for anaerobic co-digestion of fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) and food waste (FW) at different mixture ratios, was operated for 178 days at the organic loading rate of 3 kg VS (volatile solids)/(m³.day). The dynamics of the Archaeal community and the correlations between environmental variables and methanogenic community structure were analyzed by polymerase chain reactions - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and redundancy analysis (RDA), respectively. PCR-DGGE results demonstrated that the mixture ratio of FVW to FW altered the community composition of Archaea. As the FVW/FW ratio increased, Methanoculleus, Methanosaeta and Methanosarcina became the predominant methanogens in the community. Redundancy analysis results indicated that the shift of the methanogenic community was significantly correlated with the composition of acidogenic products and methane production yield. Different mixture ratios of substrates led to different compositions of intermediate metabolites, which may affect the methanogenic community. These results suggested that the analysis of microbial communities could be used to diagnose anaerobic processes.