Strictly protected areas are not necessarily more effective than areas in which multiple human uses are permitted

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies protected areas into six categories, ranging from strict nature reserves to areas where multiple human uses are permitted. In the past, many researchers have questioned the effectiveness of multiple-use areas, fueling an unresolved debate regarding their conservation value. The literature so far has been inconclusive: although several studies have found that strictly protected areas are more effective, others have found the opposite, and yet others that the two types do not differ. To help resolve this debate, we reviewed the literature on protected areas and conducted our own analysis using > 19 000 terrestrial protected areas worldwide. We found that the differences between strictly protected areas and areas in which multiple human uses are permitted are often small and not statistically significant. Although the effectiveness of protected areas worldwide varies, other factors, besides their assigned IUCN category, are likely to be driving this pattern.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01426-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Effects of co-exposure to lead and manganese on learning and memory deficits

Lead (Pb) and manganese (Mn) are common neurotoxins. However, individuals are subject to co-exposures in real life, and it is therefore important to study these metals in combination. Weaning Sprague-Dawley rats were given ad libitum access to drinking water solutions containing Pb (100 mg/L), Mn (2.5 mg/mL) or a mixture, and each treatment had its own minocycline (50 mg/(kg•day)) supplement group. The results showed a significant difference in spatial memory and induction levels of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) in all exposure groups when compared with controls. The combined-exposure group exhibited the most pronounced effect when compared with each of the single-metal exposure groups. Microglia displayed activation at day 3 after exposure alone or in combination, while astrocytes showed activation at day 5, accompanied by decreased expression levels of GLAST, GLT-1, and GS. Furthermore, the levels of glutamate in the synaptic cleft increased significantly. When microglial activation was inhibited by minocycline, the activation of astrocytes and the expression of GLAST, GLT-1, and GS were both reversed. In addition, upon minocycline treatment, hippocampal LTP impairment and cognitive injury were significantly alleviated in each of the exposure groups. These results suggest that combined exposure to Pb and Mn can cause greater effects on cognition and synaptic plasticity when compared to single-metal exposure groups. The reason may involve abnormal activation of microglia leading to excessive regulation of astrocytes, resulting in glutamate reuptake dysfunction in astrocytes and leading to perturbed cognition and synaptic plasticity.     

Land Resources Allocation Strategies in an Urban Area Involving Uncertainty: A Case Study of Suzhou,in the Yangtze River Delta of China

A large number of mathematical models have been developed to support land resource allocation decisions and land management needs; however, few of them can address various uncertainties that exist in relation to many factors presented in such decisions (e.g., land resource availabilities, land demands, land-use patterns, and social demands, as well as ecological requirements). In this study, a multi-objective interval-stochastic land resource allocation model (MOISLAM) was developed for tackling uncertainty that presents as discrete intervals and/or probability distributions. The developed model improves upon the existing multi-objective programming and inexact optimization approaches. The MOISLAM not only considers economic factors, but also involves food security and eco-environmental constraints; it can, therefore, effectively reflect various interrelations among different aspects in a land resource management system. Moreover, the model can also help examine the reliability of satisfying (or the risk of violating) system constraints under uncertainty. In this study, the MOISLAM was applied to a real case of long-term urban land resource allocation planning in Suzhou, in the Yangtze River Delta of China. Interval solutions associated with different risk levels of constraint violation were obtained. The results are considered useful for generating a range of decision alternatives under various system conditions, and thus helping decision makers to identify a desirable land resource allocation strategy under uncertainty.     

Effect of template in MCM-41 on the adsorption of aniline from aqueous solution

The effect of the surfactant template cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in MCM-41 on the adsorption of aniline was investigated. Various MCM-41 samples were prepared by controlling template removal using an extraction method. The samples were then used as adsorbents for the removal of aniline from aqueous solution. The results showed that the MCM-41 samples with the template partially removed (denoted as C-MCM-41) exhibited better adsorption performance than MCM-41 with the template completely removed (denoted as MCM-41). The reason for this difference may be that the C-MCM-41 samples had stronger hydrophobic properties and selectivity for aniline because of the presence of the template. The porosity and cationic sites generated by the template play an important role in the adsorption process. The optimal adsorbent with moderate template was achieved by changing the ratio of extractant; it has the potential for promising applications in the field of water pollution control.     

加入WTO后关于我国土地资源可持续利用与管理的思考

文章首先简要介绍了加入WTO给我国带来的发展机遇，分析了加入WTO对我国农用地的数量，质量、经营规模和粮食自给率的影响，并就加入WTO对国有企业的用地效益，房地产业与土地市场的冲击以及未利用土地的影响进行了探讨。最后，提出了适应WTO我国土地资源可持续利用与管理的对策。     

康滇地轴东缘岩石与铅锌矿石稀土元素地球化学研究

本文系统地研究了康滇地轴东缘不同时代岩石及不同含矿层位铅锌矿石的稀土元素地球化学特征 ,并加以对比。认为本区地壳演化的不均一性及多期构造岩浆活动反映在不同时代岩石其稀土元素地球化学特征也不相同 ,继承性差。本区矿石的稀土元素分布模式不同于以前报道过的呈W型 ,而是一种新的稀土元素分布模式。不同含矿层位铅锌矿石稀土元素分布模式及其参数类似 ,与岩石差异明显 ,说明主要成矿物质不来自基底及盖层岩石 ,而来自深部 (上地幔 ) ,并且是在同一个成矿期形成的。     

水中苦味酸的测定

将水样中的苦味酸氯化后,用ECD气相色谱法测定氯化苦的量,来确定苦味酸的浓度。采用保留时问定性,外标法定量。实验表明,该方法能快速有效地提取并测定水体中的苦味酸。在HP-5毛细管柱上,对苦味酸的氯化产物有较好的分离效果。方法快速、反应较为彻底,灵敏度高、精密度和准确度较好。     

“最小存活种群”和“种群生存力分析”理论在生物多样性评价中的应用——以黔北20万吨/年竹浆林一体化工程中原料林基地建设工程为例

概述了“最小存活种群”和“种群生存力分析”概念、产生过程、研究内容及在生物多样性保护中的应用步骤,并运用该理论,以敏感种豹为关键种,分析了黔北新建20万吨/年竹浆林一体化工程中原料林基地建设工程对拟建项目区生物多样性的影响。分析结果表明,如原料林基地远离豹的栖息地,则栖息地面积尚可满足对豹短期保护（50代）的要求。因此,原料林基地的建设对绝大多数野生动物的影响不大,项目区的生物多样性是可以维持的。     

重铬酸钾法测定COD中的干扰及消除

化学需氧量（COD）是描述水质有机物污染程度、评价水质好坏和污水治理效果的重要指标之一。目前,COD的测定大都采用重铬酸钾硫酸回流法。当水体中存在Cl^-、NO2^-、S^2-、Fenton等物质时,会影响化学需氧量的测定结果。讨论了采用重铬酸钾法测定化学需氧量时,以上几种物质对测定结果的干扰情况。着重探讨各种影响因素在不同情况下的消除方法以及各种消除干扰方法的优缺点。     

兰州市冬季高校教室环境状况调查分析

为了研究兰州市冬季高校大学生上课期间的教室内环境状况。对兰州市某高校22间教室的室内空气干球温度、相对湿度、风速、CO2浓度等环境参数进行了现场测试,并按照ASHRAE 7点标度对学生热感觉进行主观调查。测试结果表明,教室内相对湿度都低于50%;95.5%的教室空气温度都满足16℃-24℃国家标准要求;上课期间54.5%的被调查教室内的CO2浓度超过卫生标准的3-4.5倍。问卷调查结果表明,80%以上的学生对所处教室的热环境表示满意,78.1%的学生认为室内空气干燥。兰州市冬季高校教室环境状况有待改善,建议采用人工加湿和开窗通风等手段,改善教室室内空气品质。